The Faculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranJournal of Social Problems of Iran2008-897314220240513Job capital, job stability and the reproduction of social inequality during the Corona pandemicJob capital, job stability and the reproduction of social inequality during the Corona pandemic5289708810.22059/ijsp.2024.363420.671156FADavoodParchamiMember of the Faculty of Sociology Department of Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20230806One of the very important consequences of the Corona epidemic was the intensification of social stratification and the reproduction of social inequality through the stability or instability of employment. Many jobs have been affected by the conditions of the corona disease and have had different experiences in job stability. Job stability means that the employee can play a role in his job role and use his job capital despite the presence of some pressures. Job stability shows itself in the form of no change in job, increase in working hours, remote work, online sales, business boom, etc. It seems that businesses with higher job capital are more stable and flexible in the face of economic and social crises. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between job capital, job stability and the reproduction of social inequality in the Corona era. For this purpose, an online survey was conducted among Iranian workers and 1250 people were interviewed. The findings show that during the Corona period, businesses that had higher job capital had higher job stability, and were less exposed to job loss and job injury, and in this way, they had an impact on stabilizing and intensifying social inequality.One of the very important consequences of the Corona epidemic was the intensification of social stratification and the reproduction of social inequality through the stability or instability of employment. Many jobs have been affected by the conditions of the corona disease and have had different experiences in job stability. Job stability means that the employee can play a role in his job role and use his job capital despite the presence of some pressures. Job stability shows itself in the form of no change in job, increase in working hours, remote work, online sales, business boom, etc. It seems that businesses with higher job capital are more stable and flexible in the face of economic and social crises. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between job capital, job stability and the reproduction of social inequality in the Corona era. For this purpose, an online survey was conducted among Iranian workers and 1250 people were interviewed. The findings show that during the Corona period, businesses that had higher job capital had higher job stability, and were less exposed to job loss and job injury, and in this way, they had an impact on stabilizing and intensifying social inequality.https://ijsp.ut.ac.ir/article_97088_951a9055a46c12b3770de325f8b4b3cf.pdfThe Faculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranJournal of Social Problems of Iran2008-897314220240513The study of sexuality situation in Iran with a multidisciplinary approach; A systematic review in identifying and prioritizing problems.The study of sexuality situation in Iran with a multidisciplinary approach; A systematic review in identifying and prioritizing problems.29519708910.22059/ijsp.2024.367503.671194FAMuhammad HosseinKhatamiPh.D. student of Quran and Psychology of Al-Mustafa Society, Khorasan Branch, Mashhad, IranHosseinMehrabanifarAssistant Professor, Department of Social Sciences, Razavi University of Islamic Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.MortezaSaeedizadeDirector of Islamic Sexual Health Studies and Social Policy Monitoring Institute (SEJA), Mashhad, IranJournal Article20231101Sexuality has been studied in different approaches and fields such as socio-cultural, bio-medical, psychological, legal and religious approaches.In this research, all domestic researches related to sexuality in Iran (95 researches) that have been published in the last 30 years have been studied in order to sum up the evidences of various studies regarding the sexuality in different groups of Iranian society, and to obtain the priority problems of this field.The result of the systematic review study is that although some emphasize the sexual crisis and sexual revolution in Iran, there are no signs of a sexual revolution in Iran, at the same time, the growth of sexual deviations in Iran is significant, which can facilitate the sexual revolution. The main sexual deviation in boys at a young age and between puberty and marriage is masturbation. In order of importance, the most popular users in cyberspace are pornographic clips, pornographic photos, pornographic stories, non-pornographic content,members' discussions and advertisements. At least one tenth of young women and about one third of young men in Iran have sex before marriage, and the average age of sex is 24 years.The majority of sexual abuse occurred under the age of 28 and decreased with age.Sexuality has been studied in different approaches and fields such as socio-cultural, bio-medical, psychological, legal and religious approaches.In this research, all domestic researches related to sexuality in Iran (95 researches) that have been published in the last 30 years have been studied in order to sum up the evidences of various studies regarding the sexuality in different groups of Iranian society, and to obtain the priority problems of this field.The result of the systematic review study is that although some emphasize the sexual crisis and sexual revolution in Iran, there are no signs of a sexual revolution in Iran, at the same time, the growth of sexual deviations in Iran is significant, which can facilitate the sexual revolution. The main sexual deviation in boys at a young age and between puberty and marriage is masturbation. In order of importance, the most popular users in cyberspace are pornographic clips, pornographic photos, pornographic stories, non-pornographic content,members' discussions and advertisements. At least one tenth of young women and about one third of young men in Iran have sex before marriage, and the average age of sex is 24 years.The majority of sexual abuse occurred under the age of 28 and decreased with age.https://ijsp.ut.ac.ir/article_97089_ebbea80552bfc7e91b0da5a0a20617e2.pdfThe Faculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranJournal of Social Problems of Iran2008-897314220240513Investigating the Definite Singleness of Rural Girls in Darreh Shahr City (A Grounded Theory)Investigating the Definite Singleness of Rural Girls in Darreh Shahr City (A Grounded Theory)53799709010.22059/ijsp.2024.331908.670943FABehroozSepidnamehFaculty member of Social Sciences Department, Ilam UniversityFatemehParviziPhD student in Kashan University, Kashan. IranJournal Article20211006Many girls dream of an ideal marriage and failure to achieve it at the proper age leads to a problem called definite singleness. This research sought to achieve the paradigm model of definite singleness of girls using the grounded theory. The research population included rural girls in Darreh Shahr city of Ilam province, 22 of whom were selected as informants, using purposive sampling and considering the principle of theoretical saturation. Data collection was through semi-structured interviews, followed by three steps of open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. Causal conditions included the taboo of marriage turn , stigma, and ideal preferences. The contextual conditions consisted of cognition paradox, class distinctions, expecting too much, and restraining fears. Intervention conditions included involvement of others and personal failures. The main strategies were a Tolerance and silence, thinking about death, satisfaction with the minimum, Relationshipe with the opposite sex, belief in fortune tellers, anti-leisure actions, Satisfaction of others, and therapeutic groups. Consequences included despair, doubt and protest, acceptance and restitution, and distorted identity. The core category of this research was definite singleness as endless bitterness. The phenomenon of definite singleness of girls, which is the result of a lack of sexual capital, the reduction of emphasized femininity, and other factors, has led to the stigmatization and social exclusion of the girls, threatening their ontological security.Many girls dream of an ideal marriage and failure to achieve it at the proper age leads to a problem called definite singleness. This research sought to achieve the paradigm model of definite singleness of girls using the grounded theory. The research population included rural girls in Darreh Shahr city of Ilam province, 22 of whom were selected as informants, using purposive sampling and considering the principle of theoretical saturation. Data collection was through semi-structured interviews, followed by three steps of open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. Causal conditions included the taboo of marriage turn , stigma, and ideal preferences. The contextual conditions consisted of cognition paradox, class distinctions, expecting too much, and restraining fears. Intervention conditions included involvement of others and personal failures. The main strategies were a Tolerance and silence, thinking about death, satisfaction with the minimum, Relationshipe with the opposite sex, belief in fortune tellers, anti-leisure actions, Satisfaction of others, and therapeutic groups. Consequences included despair, doubt and protest, acceptance and restitution, and distorted identity. The core category of this research was definite singleness as endless bitterness. The phenomenon of definite singleness of girls, which is the result of a lack of sexual capital, the reduction of emphasized femininity, and other factors, has led to the stigmatization and social exclusion of the girls, threatening their ontological security.https://ijsp.ut.ac.ir/article_97090_5902a2bde7aa4f3761f53b4f9644a77f.pdfThe Faculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranJournal of Social Problems of Iran2008-897314220240513Youth Social Problems in the thought and experience of Imam Musa SadrYouth Social Problems in the thought and experience of Imam Musa Sadr81959709110.22059/ijsp.2024.354132.671091FAMohammadsadeghKarbalaeizadeh EstabraqFaculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranMohsenSaboorianFaculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranJournal Article20231101Abstract: Imam Musa Sadr is one of the most important contemporary Muslim thinkers. The development of his thought and practice in the context of social activities increases the importance of studying them. In this paper, we studied the youth social problems in the thought and practice of Imam Musa Sadr by using the method of thematic analysis. In the field of youth, several problems were brought to Sadr's attention.including youth movements, generation gap and communication with youth. For each of these problems, the themes counted were placed in two categories of causes and solutions. In analyzing youth problems, Sadr pays attention to the idealistic and revolutionary nature of young people, and also to the requirements and social conditions of today, which is the result of the new civilization. Therefore, by praising this spirit of the youth, he considers it as a capacity for the transformation and reform of the society, which should be used correctly in guiding the youth movements. In addition, he emphasizes on educating the young generation based on the correct worldview, preserving the culture of faith in God and absolute values, and strengthening family and social emotional ties, which prevents generational gaps and its consequences. He also considers the improvement of social conditions as a prelude to interacting with youths and inviting them. In order to attract youths, he calls on religious people to improve their behavior, to introduce religion and its intellectual and practical capacities, while establishing religious organizations and institutions to attract them.Abstract: Imam Musa Sadr is one of the most important contemporary Muslim thinkers. The development of his thought and practice in the context of social activities increases the importance of studying them. In this paper, we studied the youth social problems in the thought and practice of Imam Musa Sadr by using the method of thematic analysis. In the field of youth, several problems were brought to Sadr's attention.including youth movements, generation gap and communication with youth. For each of these problems, the themes counted were placed in two categories of causes and solutions. In analyzing youth problems, Sadr pays attention to the idealistic and revolutionary nature of young people, and also to the requirements and social conditions of today, which is the result of the new civilization. Therefore, by praising this spirit of the youth, he considers it as a capacity for the transformation and reform of the society, which should be used correctly in guiding the youth movements. In addition, he emphasizes on educating the young generation based on the correct worldview, preserving the culture of faith in God and absolute values, and strengthening family and social emotional ties, which prevents generational gaps and its consequences. He also considers the improvement of social conditions as a prelude to interacting with youths and inviting them. In order to attract youths, he calls on religious people to improve their behavior, to introduce religion and its intellectual and practical capacities, while establishing religious organizations and institutions to attract them.https://ijsp.ut.ac.ir/article_97091_2c09ce0ce1d07c2fe915b4fff20fa420.pdfThe Faculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranJournal of Social Problems of Iran2008-897314220240420Sociological Thinking on sexology, behaviors and sexual attitudes of young people (Case study of Tehran university students)Sociological Thinking on sexology, behaviors and sexual attitudes of young people (Case study of Tehran university students)971219709210.22059/ijsp.2024.355328.671100FAMahdiSoleymaniPhD in Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran; Tehran IranJournal Article20230213The purpose of this research is to explain the sociological beliefs, behaviors and sexual understanding of young people. With a combined approach, this research used the phenomenology method to discover the problem and the survey method for the exploratory study of sexual tendencies. Factors and concepts obtained from in-depth interviews were tested in the form of a design model and survey. The phenomenology section included 19 young people who were selected by chain sampling. For data analysis, Colaizzi-method was used, and the validity and reliability of the study was checked by the Lincoln-Guba method. In the survey, the population of Tehran university students and the sample size of 400 people were selected using Cochran's formula. In data analysis, one-way variance analysis, regression and path analysis were used. Concepts in the form of typology were extracted from the phenomenological findings, which include extramarital sexual relations, cohabitation, intercourse, sexual diversity, simultaneous relationships with several people, sexual interactions as leisure behavior, girls as a stimulus and precursor, representation of the body. as physical-social capital and the fluidity of young people's relationships. The results of multivariate regression and path analysis showed that the decline of religious values is effective directly and through the influence on the individualism of sexual orientation. Media affects sexual tendencies directly and through influencing individualism and consumerism. The reference group has a direct and through influence on the consumerism of young people's sexual orientations. Filial piety in the family power structure and social trust has an effect on sexual tendenciesThe purpose of this research is to explain the sociological beliefs, behaviors and sexual understanding of young people. With a combined approach, this research used the phenomenology method to discover the problem and the survey method for the exploratory study of sexual tendencies. Factors and concepts obtained from in-depth interviews were tested in the form of a design model and survey. The phenomenology section included 19 young people who were selected by chain sampling. For data analysis, Colaizzi-method was used, and the validity and reliability of the study was checked by the Lincoln-Guba method. In the survey, the population of Tehran university students and the sample size of 400 people were selected using Cochran's formula. In data analysis, one-way variance analysis, regression and path analysis were used. Concepts in the form of typology were extracted from the phenomenological findings, which include extramarital sexual relations, cohabitation, intercourse, sexual diversity, simultaneous relationships with several people, sexual interactions as leisure behavior, girls as a stimulus and precursor, representation of the body. as physical-social capital and the fluidity of young people's relationships. The results of multivariate regression and path analysis showed that the decline of religious values is effective directly and through the influence on the individualism of sexual orientation. Media affects sexual tendencies directly and through influencing individualism and consumerism. The reference group has a direct and through influence on the consumerism of young people's sexual orientations. Filial piety in the family power structure and social trust has an effect on sexual tendencieshttps://ijsp.ut.ac.ir/article_97092_4f8af2960b1fbeb9643e82d5f9049807.pdfThe Faculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranJournal of Social Problems of Iran2008-897314220240513Working children at the intersection of excessive immigration and unbalanced industrial development, a critical ethnography in the industrial city of MeybodWorking children at the intersection of excessive immigration and unbalanced industrial development, a critical ethnography in the industrial city of Meybod1231449709310.22059/ijsp.2024.363192.671154FAAlirezaZarei MahmoudabadiPh.D. Candidate in Sociology, Yazd University, Yazd, IranAliRuhaniAssociate Professor, Department of Social Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran,Seyed AlirezaAfshaniProfessor of Sociology, Department of Social Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, IranSeyed MohsenMousaviAssistant Professor, Department of Social Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, IranJournal Article20230801Child labor is a widespread phenomenon in many big cities of the world. But in the meantime, some small cities are also experiencing this phenomenon. The desert city of Meybod, with its Special history, in the heart of Iran, witnessing this phenomenon. With a population of 100,000 people, Meybod has a large number of immigrants and is experiencing rapid social, cultural and economic changes. The growth of immigration and the experience of rapid changes have occurred due to unbalanced industrial development in the last decade. The result of this situation is the expansion of the social consequences of this process, including the appearance of working children in this small town. For this reason, in this research, an attempt has been made to study working children at the intersection of unbalanced industrialization and the large body of immigrants. This research has tried to use methodological pluralism with a pragmatist paradigm by using of critical ethnography with the Carspecken approach. In the meantime, by using participatory and non-participatory observations, initial reconstruction was done in the data, and then dialogue-oriented data was collected with in-depth interviews. The main categories extracted from these interviews were presented in the form of categories including the solidarity of working children and the growth of industries, the spread of fake jobs, organized context, children's emotional labor, family exploitation, instrumentalization and traumatization, the cracked city, and the law in a coma. The results showed that working children are at the intersection of excessive immigration and unbalanced industrial development.Child labor is a widespread phenomenon in many big cities of the world. But in the meantime, some small cities are also experiencing this phenomenon. The desert city of Meybod, with its Special history, in the heart of Iran, witnessing this phenomenon. With a population of 100,000 people, Meybod has a large number of immigrants and is experiencing rapid social, cultural and economic changes. The growth of immigration and the experience of rapid changes have occurred due to unbalanced industrial development in the last decade. The result of this situation is the expansion of the social consequences of this process, including the appearance of working children in this small town. For this reason, in this research, an attempt has been made to study working children at the intersection of unbalanced industrialization and the large body of immigrants. This research has tried to use methodological pluralism with a pragmatist paradigm by using of critical ethnography with the Carspecken approach. In the meantime, by using participatory and non-participatory observations, initial reconstruction was done in the data, and then dialogue-oriented data was collected with in-depth interviews. The main categories extracted from these interviews were presented in the form of categories including the solidarity of working children and the growth of industries, the spread of fake jobs, organized context, children's emotional labor, family exploitation, instrumentalization and traumatization, the cracked city, and the law in a coma. The results showed that working children are at the intersection of excessive immigration and unbalanced industrial development.https://ijsp.ut.ac.ir/article_97093_4502da1ad0ae11865a13f62abb3345a4.pdfThe Faculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranJournal of Social Problems of Iran2008-897314220240513Environmental Problem as a Social Problem
(The Impact of Environmental Hazards on Iran's Social Insurances)Environmental Problem as a Social Problem
(The Impact of Environmental Hazards on Iran's Social Insurances)1451669709410.22059/ijsp.2024.361705.671145FAMohammadrezaTahmakDepartment of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Allameh Tabataba`i UniversitySaeedRoohaninezhadDepartment of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Allameh Tabataba`i UniversityPouyaJadidiM.A. holder in Sociology, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Allameh Tabataba`i UniversityJournal Article20230703Article analyzes transformation of environmental problem into social problem. It deals with the neglected matter of environmental hazards effects on Iran's social Insurances, important samples; drought, dust and industrial pollutants and species extinction. The research was conducted by documentary and library methods. Data were collected and analyzed using thematic content analysis. Accordingly, a clear issue is the disruptive impact of environmental hazards on the business process and what is followed by this is unemployment in different parts of the country. The synergy between environmental hazards and economies in Iran are shifting effects what may remain hidden at first glance, due to their complexity. But the consequences, such as the bankruptcy of the Rural Insurance Fund, inevitably owe part of its payroll to the Social Security Fund. Also the disappearance of processing industries or agro-industries that feed on agricultural products. The employees of this part are covered by the social insurances system and their unemployment threatens the resources of the social security system of the country what is essentially fed by insurance payments of such groups of the country's labor force. Other risk of environmental hazards includes the cost of treating diseases such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, respiratory infections, eye diseases, and gastrointestinal diseases caused by dusts, drinking water pollution, and air pollution due to industrial pollutants. Given such cases, it is necessary to take into account the environment and its social consequences as well as pay more attention for optimal management of the social security system.Article analyzes transformation of environmental problem into social problem. It deals with the neglected matter of environmental hazards effects on Iran's social Insurances, important samples; drought, dust and industrial pollutants and species extinction. The research was conducted by documentary and library methods. Data were collected and analyzed using thematic content analysis. Accordingly, a clear issue is the disruptive impact of environmental hazards on the business process and what is followed by this is unemployment in different parts of the country. The synergy between environmental hazards and economies in Iran are shifting effects what may remain hidden at first glance, due to their complexity. But the consequences, such as the bankruptcy of the Rural Insurance Fund, inevitably owe part of its payroll to the Social Security Fund. Also the disappearance of processing industries or agro-industries that feed on agricultural products. The employees of this part are covered by the social insurances system and their unemployment threatens the resources of the social security system of the country what is essentially fed by insurance payments of such groups of the country's labor force. Other risk of environmental hazards includes the cost of treating diseases such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, respiratory infections, eye diseases, and gastrointestinal diseases caused by dusts, drinking water pollution, and air pollution due to industrial pollutants. Given such cases, it is necessary to take into account the environment and its social consequences as well as pay more attention for optimal management of the social security system.https://ijsp.ut.ac.ir/article_97094_3cdbc172980905e2e5287c1910415fc9.pdfThe Faculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranJournal of Social Problems of Iran2008-897314220240513Imaging of children with covid 19: story line of experiences
from Tehran children' s hospitalImaging of children with covid 19: story line of experiences
from Tehran children' s hospital1671919709510.22059/ijsp.2024.336674.670975FAAhdiehAsadpourAssistant professor, department of social science, faculty of social sciences and economics, Alzahra university, Tehran. IranMahsaLarijaniAssistant professor, department of social science education, Farhangian university, Tehran. IranJournal Article20220101The Covid-19 epidemic has become a socio-medical problem worldwide, affecting many people, including children. The aim of this study was to investigate the life experience of children with Covid-19. Children have experienced short- or medium-term hospitalization due to the severity of the illness. To achieve the purpose of the research, he has used a qualitative method with a phenomenological interpretive approach. For this purpose, semi-structured and in-depth interviews were conducted with 14 infected children, and purposive sampling method was used to select them. Findings from the study were divided into three main categories: pre-infection (virus ignorance and difference in significance), intra-infection (delayed admission, increased pain experience, increased fear and increasing discomfort), and post-infection (exacerbation of isolationism). Requirements of health, social stigma, subjective feelings of powerlessness, feelings of psychological insecurity due to news-media coverage, psychological breaks, maternal focus, and skepticism about divine justice were categorized and described. According to the research findings, effective models such as rehabilitation, especially physical and emotional-psychological rehabilitation, should be used to alleviate, moderate, compensate and repair the adverse effects of Quid-19 in affected children so that their lives can be improved. Return to normal and pre-experienced state.The Covid-19 epidemic has become a socio-medical problem worldwide, affecting many people, including children. The aim of this study was to investigate the life experience of children with Covid-19. Children have experienced short- or medium-term hospitalization due to the severity of the illness. To achieve the purpose of the research, he has used a qualitative method with a phenomenological interpretive approach. For this purpose, semi-structured and in-depth interviews were conducted with 14 infected children, and purposive sampling method was used to select them. Findings from the study were divided into three main categories: pre-infection (virus ignorance and difference in significance), intra-infection (delayed admission, increased pain experience, increased fear and increasing discomfort), and post-infection (exacerbation of isolationism). Requirements of health, social stigma, subjective feelings of powerlessness, feelings of psychological insecurity due to news-media coverage, psychological breaks, maternal focus, and skepticism about divine justice were categorized and described. According to the research findings, effective models such as rehabilitation, especially physical and emotional-psychological rehabilitation, should be used to alleviate, moderate, compensate and repair the adverse effects of Quid-19 in affected children so that their lives can be improved. Return to normal and pre-experienced state.https://ijsp.ut.ac.ir/article_97095_3611a3d425355382f31646d54ac8b27a.pdfThe Faculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranJournal of Social Problems of Iran2008-897314220240525"Greed, Dream and Belief"
Economic Sociology of Network Marketing: A Qualitative Study"Greed, Dream and Belief"
Economic Sociology of Network Marketing: A Qualitative Study1932189746610.22059/ijsp.2024.372630.671217FAZeynabShafieeAssistant Professor, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences and Economics, Alzahra University, Tehran, IranFatemehRezaeeMA in Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences and Economics, Alzahra UniversityJournal Article20240213Network marketing is a type of direct selling, which is also known as "multi-level marketing" or "multi-level direct selling". Although this type of marketing has become the most dynamic part of the economy today, it is often considered a controversial business. Insignificant income, low efficiency, negative public perceptions, low job satisfaction and high turnover among members are among the fundamental criticisms of this type of marketing. But the very important contradiction is that the existence of all these problems did not reduce the enthusiasm of the members and also did not reduce the growth of these organizations in terms of sales or membership. Some critics, especially psychologists, believe that this contradiction can be explained by "mind control" or "brainwashing" operations. But the point of view of economic sociology is very different. Economic sociology seeks to explain the social mechanisms of this type of economic action beyond psychological processes. Therefore, in this article, which is an exploratory study to explain the nature of network marketing in the paradigm of new economic sociology; embeddedness, the structure of the network of relationships and the characteristics of the economic actions of people have been explained. The findings of this article show that the pyramidal structure of this type of marketing is divided into three levels and the economic actions are different at each level. This pyramidal structure prevents the emergence of structural gaps and obtaining information for exit. Therefore, the longevity of members is necessarily based on something beyond mere economic utility.Network marketing is a type of direct selling, which is also known as "multi-level marketing" or "multi-level direct selling". Although this type of marketing has become the most dynamic part of the economy today, it is often considered a controversial business. Insignificant income, low efficiency, negative public perceptions, low job satisfaction and high turnover among members are among the fundamental criticisms of this type of marketing. But the very important contradiction is that the existence of all these problems did not reduce the enthusiasm of the members and also did not reduce the growth of these organizations in terms of sales or membership. Some critics, especially psychologists, believe that this contradiction can be explained by "mind control" or "brainwashing" operations. But the point of view of economic sociology is very different. Economic sociology seeks to explain the social mechanisms of this type of economic action beyond psychological processes. Therefore, in this article, which is an exploratory study to explain the nature of network marketing in the paradigm of new economic sociology; embeddedness, the structure of the network of relationships and the characteristics of the economic actions of people have been explained. The findings of this article show that the pyramidal structure of this type of marketing is divided into three levels and the economic actions are different at each level. This pyramidal structure prevents the emergence of structural gaps and obtaining information for exit. Therefore, the longevity of members is necessarily based on something beyond mere economic utility.https://ijsp.ut.ac.ir/article_97466_9da5371cc11d7bb2a8184e4b7230d91d.pdfThe Faculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranJournal of Social Problems of Iran2008-897314220240424The role of social capital in crisis management; Case study of floods in Lorestan province in 2019The role of social capital in crisis management; Case study of floods in Lorestan province in 20192192369746710.22059/ijsp.2024.317922.670835FAHadiKhanikiProfessor of all communications at Allameh Tabatabai University. Tehran, IranAnoushehMirMajlesiM.S communication expert of Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20210125The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of social capital components in crisis and their impact on the quality of crisis management. The research method was qualitative using interviews (focus groups). To achieve the goals, five focus groups were formed based on the characteristics of flooded individuals (gender, age, place of residence, occupation and vulnerability) and interviews were conducted using a qualitative method based on a less structured and then centralized (funnel) approach. The study case study is the flood crisis of 2019 in Lorestan province and the study population of flood victims in this province. The findings of this study show that the situation of social capital before the flood was not as favorable as the economic situation and there were several livelihood problems. With the crisis, factors such as distrust, weak social participation, weak social ties, low volunteerism, lack of attention to media capacity in crisis by relief agencies and lack of effective and efficient decision-making weakened social capital and had a negative impact on the quality of crisis management. In this research, crisis management is considered with a critical approach in which the crisis is considered an opportunity for development. According to the research findings, the status of the trust component is more unfavorable than other components, which has tangible and intangible effects on the effectiveness of crisis management.The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of social capital components in crisis and their impact on the quality of crisis management. The research method was qualitative using interviews (focus groups). To achieve the goals, five focus groups were formed based on the characteristics of flooded individuals (gender, age, place of residence, occupation and vulnerability) and interviews were conducted using a qualitative method based on a less structured and then centralized (funnel) approach. The study case study is the flood crisis of 2019 in Lorestan province and the study population of flood victims in this province. The findings of this study show that the situation of social capital before the flood was not as favorable as the economic situation and there were several livelihood problems. With the crisis, factors such as distrust, weak social participation, weak social ties, low volunteerism, lack of attention to media capacity in crisis by relief agencies and lack of effective and efficient decision-making weakened social capital and had a negative impact on the quality of crisis management. In this research, crisis management is considered with a critical approach in which the crisis is considered an opportunity for development. According to the research findings, the status of the trust component is more unfavorable than other components, which has tangible and intangible effects on the effectiveness of crisis management.https://ijsp.ut.ac.ir/article_97467_f48c8ac71d2d48bb26beafe59e1cc6f2.pdfThe Faculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranJournal of Social Problems of Iran2008-897314220240525From experience to abuse: a phenomenological view of addictionFrom experience to abuse: a phenomenological view of addiction2372569746810.22059/ijsp.2024.365965.671175FAAliArabiAssistant Professor, Department of Sociology; Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences; Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz; Ahvaz; Iran.Journal Article20230929Substance abuse should be considered one of the most important social problems in the last two centuries. This problem has faced society with major cultural, health and economic challenges at individual, family and institutions levels. Unfortunately, preventive programs of governments and international organizations have not been very successful in managing and controlling this social damage. Thus, in this article, we seek to present a more detailed picture of this social issue. We will study people's lived experiences of substance abuse with the phenomenological methodology. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with members of Congress revival of the human population 60, Ahvaz branch. Until reaching the theoretical saturation, interviews were conducted with 34 members of this NGO who were selected by the purposeful sampling method. The result of the analysis was conceptualized using the Colaizzi method in the central theme of Bermuda repetition use. This theme is the result of the theoretical abstraction of the three main themes of parenting, such as social skills, interpretive reproduction of drug use, and sexuality. The Bermuda of repeated use indicates the fact that institutional dysfunction in the three fields of family, education, and leisure, play an important role in explaining the repeated use of drugs in teenagers and youth people. This finding emphasizes the point that despite the importance of access to drugs in the consumption experience, the continued use and high rate of drug abuse among teenagers and young people should be found in the institutional inefficiency of these three social fields.Substance abuse should be considered one of the most important social problems in the last two centuries. This problem has faced society with major cultural, health and economic challenges at individual, family and institutions levels. Unfortunately, preventive programs of governments and international organizations have not been very successful in managing and controlling this social damage. Thus, in this article, we seek to present a more detailed picture of this social issue. We will study people's lived experiences of substance abuse with the phenomenological methodology. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with members of Congress revival of the human population 60, Ahvaz branch. Until reaching the theoretical saturation, interviews were conducted with 34 members of this NGO who were selected by the purposeful sampling method. The result of the analysis was conceptualized using the Colaizzi method in the central theme of Bermuda repetition use. This theme is the result of the theoretical abstraction of the three main themes of parenting, such as social skills, interpretive reproduction of drug use, and sexuality. The Bermuda of repeated use indicates the fact that institutional dysfunction in the three fields of family, education, and leisure, play an important role in explaining the repeated use of drugs in teenagers and youth people. This finding emphasizes the point that despite the importance of access to drugs in the consumption experience, the continued use and high rate of drug abuse among teenagers and young people should be found in the institutional inefficiency of these three social fields.https://ijsp.ut.ac.ir/article_97468_4e4959b0805897a68ee5fc6aca008167.pdf