The Faculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranJournal of Social Problems of Iran2008-897315220250319The Life World of Non-Believers; A Case Study of Students at Tehran and Sharif UniversitiesThe Life World of Non-Believers; A Case Study of Students at Tehran and Sharif Universities12110207610.22059/ijsp.2025.389797.671294FASaberJafari KafiabadAssistant Professor of Sociology, Allameh Tabataba’i University, TehranMohammadSeyedghorabMaster of Arts in Sociology, Allameh Tabataba’i University, TehranMohammadYaribeygiDarvishvandPhD student in Cultural Sociology at Allameh Tabatabai University (RA) and a third-year student of Islamic Seminary in QomJournal Article20250201In confronting religion, individuals are typically categorized into two groups: religious and non-religious. However, upon closer examination, religiosity reveals a significant diversity of expressions. Therefore, research and policy-making in the area of religion and religiosity are incomplete without acknowledging the existing diversity and multiplicity. Studying the beliefs and the practical traditions derived from them among individuals who are perceived as non-religious from an external perspective remains a part of religiosity studies. Yet, this spectrum receives less attention in sociological studies of religion. Additionally, the prominent influence of elites on the destiny of societies amplifies the importance of studying religiosity among them. Religion and religiosity can be classified into three dimensions: cognitive, affective, and behavioral. Since investigating all three dimensions would hinder detailed exploration in each, this paper focuses solely on the cognitive dimension of religiosity. In this study, a framework comprising six axes was used as discussion points with the interviewees. The analysis of the collected data led to the identification of three categories: “non-believers in religious tenets,” “non-believers in religious law,” and “believers in religious law.” Due to the diversity and breadth of data, this research specifically examines the cognitive positions of students who do not believe in religious tenets. In studying this group, six types emerged: the denialist with a constructivist science creed, the skeptical agnostic, the self-reliant skeptic, the agnosticism-oriented with a scientific creed, the pragmatic tranquility seeker, and the pluralistic skeptical theist.In confronting religion, individuals are typically categorized into two groups: religious and non-religious. However, upon closer examination, religiosity reveals a significant diversity of expressions. Therefore, research and policy-making in the area of religion and religiosity are incomplete without acknowledging the existing diversity and multiplicity. Studying the beliefs and the practical traditions derived from them among individuals who are perceived as non-religious from an external perspective remains a part of religiosity studies. Yet, this spectrum receives less attention in sociological studies of religion. Additionally, the prominent influence of elites on the destiny of societies amplifies the importance of studying religiosity among them. Religion and religiosity can be classified into three dimensions: cognitive, affective, and behavioral. Since investigating all three dimensions would hinder detailed exploration in each, this paper focuses solely on the cognitive dimension of religiosity. In this study, a framework comprising six axes was used as discussion points with the interviewees. The analysis of the collected data led to the identification of three categories: “non-believers in religious tenets,” “non-believers in religious law,” and “believers in religious law.” Due to the diversity and breadth of data, this research specifically examines the cognitive positions of students who do not believe in religious tenets. In studying this group, six types emerged: the denialist with a constructivist science creed, the skeptical agnostic, the self-reliant skeptic, the agnosticism-oriented with a scientific creed, the pragmatic tranquility seeker, and the pluralistic skeptical theist.https://ijsp.ut.ac.ir/article_102076_63b00887df69514f4bacad55b8e1f21f.pdfThe Faculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranJournal of Social Problems of Iran2008-897315220250319Netnography of the Taste System of Afghan Migrant Influencers on Instagram.Netnography of the Taste System of Afghan Migrant Influencers on Instagram.234010207710.22059/ijsp.2025.389511.671292FAHosseinMIRZAEIFaculty member/Cultural Studies department/ Faculty of Social Sciences/Allameh Tabataba&amp;#039;i University/Tehran-IRANJournal Article20250127The industry of virtual influencers and the accompanying subcultures has emerged as a striking phenomenon within digital culture, capturing the attention of researchers. This subculture, characterized by its counter-hegemonic nature, reshapes cultural habits and exacerbates ideological conflicts. This study focuses on Afghan migrant influencers as a cultural-economic category, analyzing their influencing techniques through the lenses of “influence management” and “performative analysis.”<br />To this end, we have selected 40 Afghan migrant influencers, primarily women, who are active on Instagram. In this article, we employ netnography to explore visual data (including images, stories, and emojis) alongside textual data (such as comments and posts). Utilizing an eight-situation typology, we illustrate how these influencers skillfully manipulate audience preferences to generate income while engaging in the commodification of their personal lives, fostering a desire for ostentatious consumption among their followers.The industry of virtual influencers and the accompanying subcultures has emerged as a striking phenomenon within digital culture, capturing the attention of researchers. This subculture, characterized by its counter-hegemonic nature, reshapes cultural habits and exacerbates ideological conflicts. This study focuses on Afghan migrant influencers as a cultural-economic category, analyzing their influencing techniques through the lenses of “influence management” and “performative analysis.”<br />To this end, we have selected 40 Afghan migrant influencers, primarily women, who are active on Instagram. In this article, we employ netnography to explore visual data (including images, stories, and emojis) alongside textual data (such as comments and posts). Utilizing an eight-situation typology, we illustrate how these influencers skillfully manipulate audience preferences to generate income while engaging in the commodification of their personal lives, fostering a desire for ostentatious consumption among their followers.https://ijsp.ut.ac.ir/article_102077_923c2f37afaf30db9315f607f7c53415.pdfThe Faculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranJournal of Social Problems of Iran2008-897315220250510Investigating the relationship between social capital and social well-being among Shiraz University studentsInvestigating the relationship between social capital and social well-being among Shiraz University students415910207910.22059/ijsp.2025.380500.671252FAAsgharMirfardiAssociate Prof. of Sociology, Sociology and Social Planning Department, College of Economics, Management and Social Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, IranSerajodinMahmoudianiAssociate Prof. of Demography, Sociology and Social Planning Department, College of Economics, Management and Social Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, IranSanazSedighiM.A. student of Sociology, Sociology and Social Planning Department, College of Economics, Management and Social Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, IranJournal Article20240917Objectives: This research investigated the relationship between social capital and social well-being among Shiraz University. The theoretical framework of this research was chosen based on Keyes' theory on social well-being. <br />Methods: Using survey method, the statistical population of the study was all students of Shiraz University. Sampling method in this research was cluster random sampling method and the sample size was 376 people based on Cochran's formula. To collect data, a structured questionnaire tool was used, including Keyes and Shapiro's social well-being scales and Mirfardi's and Valinezhad's social capital questionnaire. The face validity and Cronbach's alpha coefficient were used to evaluate validity and reliability of questionnaire, respectively. The data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 26.<br />Results: The findings of the research showed that the level of social well-being and social capital of students is at an average level. There was no significant difference between the social well-being of male and female students. There was no significant difference between social well-being according to educational level, field of study, age group, and ethnicity. The level of social well-being of students was different according to the socio-economic status, and the upper class had the highest social well-being. There was a positive and significant relationship between social capital and social well-being variables (p. value= 0.000). In total, the variables of social capital and socio-economic status explained 12% of the variance of the dependent variable.<br />Coclusion: The alignment between social capital and social well-being indicates their social functions for the general goals of society.Objectives: This research investigated the relationship between social capital and social well-being among Shiraz University. The theoretical framework of this research was chosen based on Keyes' theory on social well-being. <br />Methods: Using survey method, the statistical population of the study was all students of Shiraz University. Sampling method in this research was cluster random sampling method and the sample size was 376 people based on Cochran's formula. To collect data, a structured questionnaire tool was used, including Keyes and Shapiro's social well-being scales and Mirfardi's and Valinezhad's social capital questionnaire. The face validity and Cronbach's alpha coefficient were used to evaluate validity and reliability of questionnaire, respectively. The data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 26.<br />Results: The findings of the research showed that the level of social well-being and social capital of students is at an average level. There was no significant difference between the social well-being of male and female students. There was no significant difference between social well-being according to educational level, field of study, age group, and ethnicity. The level of social well-being of students was different according to the socio-economic status, and the upper class had the highest social well-being. There was a positive and significant relationship between social capital and social well-being variables (p. value= 0.000). In total, the variables of social capital and socio-economic status explained 12% of the variance of the dependent variable.<br />Coclusion: The alignment between social capital and social well-being indicates their social functions for the general goals of society.https://ijsp.ut.ac.ir/article_102079_2b1a949d5a8ab63941c49765678d3c36.pdfThe Faculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranJournal of Social Problems of Iran2008-897315220250319Ecological diversity, the strategy of recognizing ethnic diversityEcological diversity, the strategy of recognizing ethnic diversity617510208210.22059/ijsp.2025.370278.671207FAHamidHoushangiAssistant Professor, Department of Political Sociology, Faculty of Political Science, Imam Sadiq University, Tehran, IranMahmoodMahamAssistant Professor of Culture and Social Studies Research Institute of Islamic Culture and ThoughtJournal Article20240116The biodiversity in Iran has raised difficult questions for researchers about how to understand and interact with this vast and rugged plateau. Furthermore, we are witnessing a separation of natural and social studies and research from each other. This divergent approach has made the aforementioned questions more difficult. Ethnic diversity is one of the important branches in social discussions that reflects the texture and composition of the community life on the Iranian Plateau. Considering the continuity of the natural and social domains, the main question of the article is: How can ethnic diversity, as a bioecological and territorial characteristic of the country, bring about social cohesion and territorial integrity? The main hypothesis is based on the reality of the connection between the natural and social spheres and the antiquity of life on the land. Thus, understanding ethnic diversity depends on identifying and analyzing the natural domain associated with it, namely habitat and settlement diversity. Therefore, the relationship between social integration and ethnic diversity is not possible without understanding ecological diversity. Considering the theoretical approach of the article, the research method used is critical analysis. It is hoped that conceptual openness will be achieved in the field of Iranian ethnographic studies and research by relying on a socio-ecological approach. <br />Therefore, ecological diversity has been proposed as a conceptual basis for understanding the characteristics and changes of Iran's diverse land, especially ethnic diversity.The biodiversity in Iran has raised difficult questions for researchers about how to understand and interact with this vast and rugged plateau. Furthermore, we are witnessing a separation of natural and social studies and research from each other. This divergent approach has made the aforementioned questions more difficult. Ethnic diversity is one of the important branches in social discussions that reflects the texture and composition of the community life on the Iranian Plateau. Considering the continuity of the natural and social domains, the main question of the article is: How can ethnic diversity, as a bioecological and territorial characteristic of the country, bring about social cohesion and territorial integrity? The main hypothesis is based on the reality of the connection between the natural and social spheres and the antiquity of life on the land. Thus, understanding ethnic diversity depends on identifying and analyzing the natural domain associated with it, namely habitat and settlement diversity. Therefore, the relationship between social integration and ethnic diversity is not possible without understanding ecological diversity. Considering the theoretical approach of the article, the research method used is critical analysis. It is hoped that conceptual openness will be achieved in the field of Iranian ethnographic studies and research by relying on a socio-ecological approach. <br />Therefore, ecological diversity has been proposed as a conceptual basis for understanding the characteristics and changes of Iran's diverse land, especially ethnic diversity.https://ijsp.ut.ac.ir/article_102082_a51d87bfa886a97e2644b6bd116b607e.pdfThe Faculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranJournal of Social Problems of Iran2008-897315220250510Predicting changes in sex-specific mortality patterns in Iran using neural network modelling(2022-2031)Predicting changes in sex-specific mortality patterns in Iran using neural network modelling(2022-2031)779410208510.22059/ijsp.2025.384630.671270FANasibehEsmaeiliAssistant Professor of Demography,
University of Tehran,
Tehran ,Iran.MohammadSasanipourAssistant Professor in Demography, Department of Population and Health, National Institute for Population Research, Tehran, Iran.Hajiieh BibiRazeghi NasrabadAssociate Professor of Demography, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranJournal Article20241030Mortality significantly impacts population dynamics, affecting size, growth, distribution, and composition, along with fertility and migration. In the context of socio-economic development, women's life expectancy has notably increased compared to men's, significantly impacting the future sex ratio among the elderly population. This study examines gender differences in mortality trends in Iran from 1965 to 2021. Using neural network modeling, it forecasts the mortality trends for both genders and the sex ratio index for the next decade (2022-2031). The analysis was conducted using MATLAB, based on data from the Iran Statistics Center. The neural network predictions indicate that by 2031, the overall death counts will rise by 12.6% for the total population, 13.8% for men, and 11.4% for women. The sex ratio of deaths is expected to rise from 104.22 in 2022 to 106.54 in 2031. A key point in predicting social and demographic changes is focusing on trends rather than on precise numerical forecasts. This is important because human behaviors may be influenced by unexpected events. The results of the simulations also serve as a warning bell for planners to develop comprehensive and accurate support programs aimed at reducing gender disparities in mortality.Mortality significantly impacts population dynamics, affecting size, growth, distribution, and composition, along with fertility and migration. In the context of socio-economic development, women's life expectancy has notably increased compared to men's, significantly impacting the future sex ratio among the elderly population. This study examines gender differences in mortality trends in Iran from 1965 to 2021. Using neural network modeling, it forecasts the mortality trends for both genders and the sex ratio index for the next decade (2022-2031). The analysis was conducted using MATLAB, based on data from the Iran Statistics Center. The neural network predictions indicate that by 2031, the overall death counts will rise by 12.6% for the total population, 13.8% for men, and 11.4% for women. The sex ratio of deaths is expected to rise from 104.22 in 2022 to 106.54 in 2031. A key point in predicting social and demographic changes is focusing on trends rather than on precise numerical forecasts. This is important because human behaviors may be influenced by unexpected events. The results of the simulations also serve as a warning bell for planners to develop comprehensive and accurate support programs aimed at reducing gender disparities in mortality.https://ijsp.ut.ac.ir/article_102085_3b421d2f5f172e5e87c31e4475246258.pdfThe Faculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranJournal of Social Problems of Iran2008-897315220250319Explaining the acceptability of hijab for young girlsExplaining the acceptability of hijab for young girls9511010208410.22059/ijsp.2025.372221.671214FASayed MohsenMirsondosiAssistant Professor, Department of Quranic Studies and Social Sciences, Research Institute of Islamic Sciences and CultureJournal Article20240205Hijab appears to be a simple religious order at first, but the way it is performed by social activists in social environments, especially in Iranian society, has given it a special and complex feature. In this research, an attempt has been made to investigate the phenomenon of choosing the hijab norm among girls who had mothers who fully observed the hijab, from the point of view of their socialization process. The main problem of the research was: "What is the explanatory model in maintaining the pattern of Islamic hijab for young girls among the families that adhere to it?" A comment has been made. The core category obtained is the concept of "persuasive modeling" which is analyzed by the explanatory model. The categories of performing religious duties, the dominant space of the family, the type of relationship with the opposite sex, and especially the category of "mother's influence" were recognized as the main factors among the causal factors for the type of clothing chosen by girls. The structural weakening of the family institution in the last few decades as one of the reasons It is considered to reduce its influence on the children, which solutions have been proposed in accordance with the approach of this research.Hijab appears to be a simple religious order at first, but the way it is performed by social activists in social environments, especially in Iranian society, has given it a special and complex feature. In this research, an attempt has been made to investigate the phenomenon of choosing the hijab norm among girls who had mothers who fully observed the hijab, from the point of view of their socialization process. The main problem of the research was: "What is the explanatory model in maintaining the pattern of Islamic hijab for young girls among the families that adhere to it?" A comment has been made. The core category obtained is the concept of "persuasive modeling" which is analyzed by the explanatory model. The categories of performing religious duties, the dominant space of the family, the type of relationship with the opposite sex, and especially the category of "mother's influence" were recognized as the main factors among the causal factors for the type of clothing chosen by girls. The structural weakening of the family institution in the last few decades as one of the reasons It is considered to reduce its influence on the children, which solutions have been proposed in accordance with the approach of this research.https://ijsp.ut.ac.ir/article_102084_853dcf92aaecb825a8db0389da30cedc.pdfThe Faculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranJournal of Social Problems of Iran2008-897315220250510Examining the Barriers to Development Planning in Iran with a Social Approach and Providing Policy RecommendationsExamining the Barriers to Development Planning in Iran with a Social Approach and Providing Policy Recommendations11113810208610.22059/ijsp.2025.392183.671305FAKomeilQeidarlooPh.D. Student at Baqir al-Olum University0009-0000-2906-9122MaryamJanghorbanFaculty Member at Imam Sadiq UniversitJournal Article20250315This article examines and critiques the prevailing logic of development planning in Iran after the revolution. It seeks to establish the viewpoint that the country’s planning system requires a fundamental paradigm shift—from predominantly economy-centered models to a more comprehensive approach, or in other words, a "social approach and social-centered planning." Additionally, it critiques the current economic policies that have failed to meet society’s basic social needs.<br />By analyzing different generations of development planning worldwide, this study aims to propose a new framework for Iran’s development plan. In this context, it outlines the process of social capital erosion within governance and examines four key supporting elements of development planning: competent governance, a strong society, development infrastructure, and discourse-building as a foundation for development. The challenges associated with each of these elements are identified, and corresponding solutions are briefly outlined.<br />In line with this, the " social -centered approach to planning" and the " social readiness index" are explained. Furthermore, the proposed solutions include restructuring and empowering governance with a focus on transparency and the implementation of e-government, establishing the necessary physical infrastructure for development, institutionalizing and empowering society, and leveraging an effective media system as a tool for development discourse-building and supporting development activities.<br />This analysis is based on library research, thematic analysis of expert session data from the Research Center of the Islamic Consultative Assembly regarding the Seventh Development Plan, and logical and specialized inference by the authors.This article examines and critiques the prevailing logic of development planning in Iran after the revolution. It seeks to establish the viewpoint that the country’s planning system requires a fundamental paradigm shift—from predominantly economy-centered models to a more comprehensive approach, or in other words, a "social approach and social-centered planning." Additionally, it critiques the current economic policies that have failed to meet society’s basic social needs.<br />By analyzing different generations of development planning worldwide, this study aims to propose a new framework for Iran’s development plan. In this context, it outlines the process of social capital erosion within governance and examines four key supporting elements of development planning: competent governance, a strong society, development infrastructure, and discourse-building as a foundation for development. The challenges associated with each of these elements are identified, and corresponding solutions are briefly outlined.<br />In line with this, the " social -centered approach to planning" and the " social readiness index" are explained. Furthermore, the proposed solutions include restructuring and empowering governance with a focus on transparency and the implementation of e-government, establishing the necessary physical infrastructure for development, institutionalizing and empowering society, and leveraging an effective media system as a tool for development discourse-building and supporting development activities.<br />This analysis is based on library research, thematic analysis of expert session data from the Research Center of the Islamic Consultative Assembly regarding the Seventh Development Plan, and logical and specialized inference by the authors.https://ijsp.ut.ac.ir/article_102086_09b58f50c35b37fbe628d4e2f31c2fa9.pdfThe Faculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranJournal of Social Problems of Iran2008-897315220250319A comparative study of the role of the government in the development of cultural economy in advanced and developed countries and IranA comparative study of the role of the government in the development of cultural economy in advanced and developed countries and Iran13917610208710.22059/ijsp.2025.384436.671266FADavoodParchamiAssistant Professor in Sociology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, IranFatemehDerakhshanAssistant professor in Sociology, Allameh Tabataba'i University. Tehran, IranJournal Article20241027Focusing on the production, distribution, and consumption of cultural industries as high-value-added sectors is a central development strategy for many countries. Cultivating a thriving cultural economy requires coordinated policymaking and functional integration across relevant institutions. Realizing this complex goal necessitates an optimal role for the government as the primary policymaking body in society. The purpose of this study is to compare the development of the cultural economy in developed, emerging countries, and Iran, and examine how governments shape these trajectories. Using a comparative approach and secondary data analysis, the study examines the cultural economic development of the top 10 developed and emerging countries, alongside Iran. The role of their respective governments was also investigated through expert interviews conducted both domestically and internationally. The findings indicate that all the countries under investigation exhibit strong government involvement in their cultural economies. However, the degree and modalities of this involvement vary based on the state of the society and cultural industries in each context, with Iran exhibiting weaknesses in both areas. Governments in these nations have supported initiatives such as human resource development and training, promotion of small and medium-sized cultural enterprises, internal and external marketing and advertising, networking of cultural and artistic communities, and the establishment of domestic and international laws protecting intellectual property rights.Focusing on the production, distribution, and consumption of cultural industries as high-value-added sectors is a central development strategy for many countries. Cultivating a thriving cultural economy requires coordinated policymaking and functional integration across relevant institutions. Realizing this complex goal necessitates an optimal role for the government as the primary policymaking body in society. The purpose of this study is to compare the development of the cultural economy in developed, emerging countries, and Iran, and examine how governments shape these trajectories. Using a comparative approach and secondary data analysis, the study examines the cultural economic development of the top 10 developed and emerging countries, alongside Iran. The role of their respective governments was also investigated through expert interviews conducted both domestically and internationally. The findings indicate that all the countries under investigation exhibit strong government involvement in their cultural economies. However, the degree and modalities of this involvement vary based on the state of the society and cultural industries in each context, with Iran exhibiting weaknesses in both areas. Governments in these nations have supported initiatives such as human resource development and training, promotion of small and medium-sized cultural enterprises, internal and external marketing and advertising, networking of cultural and artistic communities, and the establishment of domestic and international laws protecting intellectual property rights.https://ijsp.ut.ac.ir/article_102087_a093a5825dedaa305c4ab60b27ed5d38.pdfThe Faculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranJournal of Social Problems of Iran2008-897315220250319Agent-Based Simulation of the Effect of Generosity Behavior Variable on Wealth Distribution in Urban FabricAgent-Based Simulation of the Effect of Generosity Behavior Variable on Wealth Distribution in Urban Fabric17719510208810.22059/ijsp.2025.380082.671250FAVahidAbediniPh.D. student in Economics, University of Tehran, IranGhahramanAbdoliProfessor of Applied Economics, University of TehranJournal Article20240729An agent-based model is a computational model used in social sciences and economics to simulate the behavior of individual agents (such as households, companies, or governments) and how their interactions with each other and the environment affect the overall system outcomes. Agent-based models are designed to capture the complexity of real-world social systems by simulating the behavior of numerous agents. Each agent follows specific decision-making rules and strategies and often incorporates learning and adaptation mechanisms. In this study, based on an agent-based model, the impact of generosity on wealth distribution is simulated using the NetLogo software. Through these simulations, various indicators such as the number of poor individuals in society, the Gini coefficient, the percentage of satisfaction with living conditions, and the distribution of the urban fabric were compared. The results clearly show that systems incorporating generosity significantly reduce poverty and inequality. Findings indicate that generosity can promote equity, facilitate fair distribution of income and wealth, and decrease the Gini coefficient. <br />Moreover, the model demonstrates that if a community exhibits greater empathy and prioritizes altruistic values when choosing their living environment, a more homogeneous urban fabric and society will emerge, leading to reduced class disparities in urban areas.An agent-based model is a computational model used in social sciences and economics to simulate the behavior of individual agents (such as households, companies, or governments) and how their interactions with each other and the environment affect the overall system outcomes. Agent-based models are designed to capture the complexity of real-world social systems by simulating the behavior of numerous agents. Each agent follows specific decision-making rules and strategies and often incorporates learning and adaptation mechanisms. In this study, based on an agent-based model, the impact of generosity on wealth distribution is simulated using the NetLogo software. Through these simulations, various indicators such as the number of poor individuals in society, the Gini coefficient, the percentage of satisfaction with living conditions, and the distribution of the urban fabric were compared. The results clearly show that systems incorporating generosity significantly reduce poverty and inequality. Findings indicate that generosity can promote equity, facilitate fair distribution of income and wealth, and decrease the Gini coefficient. <br />Moreover, the model demonstrates that if a community exhibits greater empathy and prioritizes altruistic values when choosing their living environment, a more homogeneous urban fabric and society will emerge, leading to reduced class disparities in urban areas.https://ijsp.ut.ac.ir/article_102088_516ca8faf7448d11488d6402a37ea1dc.pdfThe Faculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranJournal of Social Problems of Iran2008-897315220250510Analyzing the Meaning of Extramarital Relationships from the Perspective of Married People (Case Study: Married People Involved in Extramarital Relationships in Tehran)Analyzing the Meaning of Extramarital Relationships from the Perspective of Married People (Case Study: Married People Involved in Extramarital Relationships in Tehran)19721710208910.22059/ijsp.2025.388102.671285FAFatemehGravandPh.D in Sociology, Department of Sociology and Social Planning, Shiraz University, Shiraz, IranAliyarAhmadiAssociate Professor of Demography, Department of Sociology and Social Planning, Shiraz University, Shiraz, IranJournal Article20250103Extramarital relationships are defined and interpreted differently across societies, cultures, and even among individuals, and have always been a source of controversy. According to research findings, the way individuals define and interpret extramarital relationships predicts their involvement in such relationships. Therefore, one of the most important aspects of examining extramarital relationships is addressing individuals' perspectives about them. Accordingly, this paper aims to explore the interpretations and meanings that married people assign to these relationships by utilizing a qualitative research approach. In performing the objective of this analysis, eighteen married people - Tehran residents - had been interviewed: Semi-structured interviews who, within virtual or real-space contexts, needed to establish at least one of their sexual-emotional or only-sex or emotion relations. Thematic analysis of the participants' narratives revealed that these meanings and interpretations included reducing extramarital relationships to sexual intercourse, trivializing extramarital relationships, generalizing extramarital relationships, discrediting marital fidelity, and Extramarital Relationships as Tacit Agreements. In this way, throughout this process, those studied participated in the re-conceptualizing of an extra-marital relationship as a non-moral issue and became involved in one. These findings show that through the redefinition, the participants did not try to eliminate the unfaithfulness label linked with their cheating behavior but tried to justify the involvement in these relationships as a strategy.Extramarital relationships are defined and interpreted differently across societies, cultures, and even among individuals, and have always been a source of controversy. According to research findings, the way individuals define and interpret extramarital relationships predicts their involvement in such relationships. Therefore, one of the most important aspects of examining extramarital relationships is addressing individuals' perspectives about them. Accordingly, this paper aims to explore the interpretations and meanings that married people assign to these relationships by utilizing a qualitative research approach. In performing the objective of this analysis, eighteen married people - Tehran residents - had been interviewed: Semi-structured interviews who, within virtual or real-space contexts, needed to establish at least one of their sexual-emotional or only-sex or emotion relations. Thematic analysis of the participants' narratives revealed that these meanings and interpretations included reducing extramarital relationships to sexual intercourse, trivializing extramarital relationships, generalizing extramarital relationships, discrediting marital fidelity, and Extramarital Relationships as Tacit Agreements. In this way, throughout this process, those studied participated in the re-conceptualizing of an extra-marital relationship as a non-moral issue and became involved in one. These findings show that through the redefinition, the participants did not try to eliminate the unfaithfulness label linked with their cheating behavior but tried to justify the involvement in these relationships as a strategy.https://ijsp.ut.ac.ir/article_102089_c8f6fbd24d64d6ccad775e9327c8d49f.pdfThe Faculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranJournal of Social Problems of Iran2008-897315220250510Suicide Attempt in Women's Meaning System in Shiraz City:A qualitative researchSuicide Attempt in Women's Meaning System in Shiraz City:A qualitative research21924310209010.22059/ijsp.2025.385283.671274FAHalimehEnayatProfessor, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, IranSoulmazKavianifarDepartment of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, IranJournal Article20241116The purpose of this study was to study the Context, reasons and consequences of suicide attempt in the meaning system of women in Shiraz city. for this purpose, the qualitative approach and grounded theory method have been used. the participants of this study were 14 women who had suicidal attempts and were selected using purposive and theoretical sampling. The data were collected through a deep interview. for data analysis, the three-step continuous analysis of Strauss and Corbin was used. the findings included 6 main categories (violence, dysfunctional family, subculture of substance abuse, social isolation, poverty and marital conflicts) were extracted. After combining and categorizing, "the exclusion of women in the context of capability poverty" was identified as the core category and the central phenomenon of research. the consequences of suicide attempt include physical, psychological and social consequences, which have been reported in most of these women negatively. efforts to improve the economic, cultural and social status of women in society can be effective in preventing suicide attempt.The purpose of this study was to study the Context, reasons and consequences of suicide attempt in the meaning system of women in Shiraz city. for this purpose, the qualitative approach and grounded theory method have been used. the participants of this study were 14 women who had suicidal attempts and were selected using purposive and theoretical sampling. The data were collected through a deep interview. for data analysis, the three-step continuous analysis of Strauss and Corbin was used. the findings included 6 main categories (violence, dysfunctional family, subculture of substance abuse, social isolation, poverty and marital conflicts) were extracted. After combining and categorizing, "the exclusion of women in the context of capability poverty" was identified as the core category and the central phenomenon of research. the consequences of suicide attempt include physical, psychological and social consequences, which have been reported in most of these women negatively. efforts to improve the economic, cultural and social status of women in society can be effective in preventing suicide attempt.https://ijsp.ut.ac.ir/article_102090_ae2256db5cc875cc3682ddf477671b0c.pdfThe Faculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranJournal of Social Problems of Iran2008-897315220250510Evaluating the policies of different governments of Iran to the social responsibility of companies; Designing the optimal policyEvaluating the policies of different governments of Iran to the social responsibility of companies; Designing the optimal policy24526610209110.22059/ijsp.2025.376823.671235FASinaSheikhyPhD Student in Sociology, University of TehranJournal Article20250125Social and environmental challenges at the end of the 20th century and the transformation of challenges into a crisis in the 21st century, increased attention to the social issue in the field of governance. Since the market and industries are one of the most important actors in today's societies, and many of the aforementioned challenges, especially in the environment, have been a byproduct of their activities, the issue of corporate social responsibility has found a special role to prevent social and environmental risks in today's world.Industries and companies have a lot of social and environmental risks, and different governments in Iran have not been able to regulate and regulate this field as it should be. Diverse and vague state and quasi-state companies, charitable and showy approach to corporate social responsibility, pressure of political powers on companies to receive financial resources, corrupt economic relations, greenwashing and lack of attention to the internal environment of the workshop and host communities are among the most important challenges of corporate social responsibility in Iran. The findings of this research indicate that governments should direct the resources of corporate social responsibility towards the real needs of society, especially the host society, by formulating appropriate soft and encouraging regulations and focusing on transparency. After that, by evaluating and monitoring, prevent common corruptions in this field such as greenwashing and consolidation of power relations for corrupt elites.Social and environmental challenges at the end of the 20th century and the transformation of challenges into a crisis in the 21st century, increased attention to the social issue in the field of governance. Since the market and industries are one of the most important actors in today's societies, and many of the aforementioned challenges, especially in the environment, have been a byproduct of their activities, the issue of corporate social responsibility has found a special role to prevent social and environmental risks in today's world.Industries and companies have a lot of social and environmental risks, and different governments in Iran have not been able to regulate and regulate this field as it should be. Diverse and vague state and quasi-state companies, charitable and showy approach to corporate social responsibility, pressure of political powers on companies to receive financial resources, corrupt economic relations, greenwashing and lack of attention to the internal environment of the workshop and host communities are among the most important challenges of corporate social responsibility in Iran. The findings of this research indicate that governments should direct the resources of corporate social responsibility towards the real needs of society, especially the host society, by formulating appropriate soft and encouraging regulations and focusing on transparency. After that, by evaluating and monitoring, prevent common corruptions in this field such as greenwashing and consolidation of power relations for corrupt elites.https://ijsp.ut.ac.ir/article_102091_741052cc19ccea213813a14f581e6dd2.pdf