The Faculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranJournal of Social Problems of Iran2008-89732120120220Crime and Punishment: Comparing Verdicts Suggested by a Sample of University Students for Certain Crimes with the Iranian Penal CodeCrime and Punishment: Comparing Verdicts Suggested by a Sample of University Students for Certain Crimes with the Iranian Penal Code24164FAAhmadJafariSeyed HosseinSerajzadehJournal Article19700101Public sector awareness of people’s attitudes toward punishment for various crimes can help to increase the compatibility of laws with public opinion. Whereas this issue has attracted significant attention in a number of countries, little research has been conducted on it in Iran.This article examines the attitudes of a sample of 320 students, toward punishments for various crimes. Findings indicate the existence of a significant gap between verdicts suggested by students for a number of crimes and those given by the Iranian Penal Code. Specifically, students’ suggested verdicts are less severe and non-corporal in nature. Further analysis of the data also reveals that the gap is influenced by socio-demographic variables such as religiosity, level of development, level of urbanization, years of university education, perceived seriousness of crime, age and gender. Religiosity and perceived seriousness of crime have a positive relation with the above gap.Public sector awareness of people’s attitudes toward punishment for various crimes can help to increase the compatibility of laws with public opinion. Whereas this issue has attracted significant attention in a number of countries, little research has been conducted on it in Iran.This article examines the attitudes of a sample of 320 students, toward punishments for various crimes. Findings indicate the existence of a significant gap between verdicts suggested by students for a number of crimes and those given by the Iranian Penal Code. Specifically, students’ suggested verdicts are less severe and non-corporal in nature. Further analysis of the data also reveals that the gap is influenced by socio-demographic variables such as religiosity, level of development, level of urbanization, years of university education, perceived seriousness of crime, age and gender. Religiosity and perceived seriousness of crime have a positive relation with the above gap.https://ijsp.ut.ac.ir/article_24164_d51bfaa4450af43e05b8a45492ff8f1c.pdfThe Faculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranJournal of Social Problems of Iran2008-89732120120220Characteristics of Transitional Villages in Tehran Metropolitan Area: A Sociological AnalysisCharacteristics of Transitional Villages in Tehran Metropolitan Area: A Sociological Analysis24165FAJalehShaditalabHosseiniImani JajarmMajidBayatJournal Article19700101Large cities, including Tehran, have structural effects on urban and rural settlements in their vicinities. Some villages near Tehran exhibit special features due to migration effects and associated patterns of life and work. They have gradually become different from more traditional Iranian villages. Calling these rural settlements “transitional villages” and developing a theoretical-conceptual framework for the migration effects exerted on them, we attempt to understand their social and economic features from a sociological perspective. For this, we benefit from a combined set of documentary and field study methods. Our findings indicate that people have migrated to these villages from Tehran, Tehran’s neighboring towns, or other cities. Although migrants have settled in the villages, they work in Tehran’s manufacturing and service sectors. Therefore we may call them “dormitory villages” as well in light of their different and new life and work patterns.Large cities, including Tehran, have structural effects on urban and rural settlements in their vicinities. Some villages near Tehran exhibit special features due to migration effects and associated patterns of life and work. They have gradually become different from more traditional Iranian villages. Calling these rural settlements “transitional villages” and developing a theoretical-conceptual framework for the migration effects exerted on them, we attempt to understand their social and economic features from a sociological perspective. For this, we benefit from a combined set of documentary and field study methods. Our findings indicate that people have migrated to these villages from Tehran, Tehran’s neighboring towns, or other cities. Although migrants have settled in the villages, they work in Tehran’s manufacturing and service sectors. Therefore we may call them “dormitory villages” as well in light of their different and new life and work patterns.https://ijsp.ut.ac.ir/article_24165_e6d38b96d4b1daf93074c9ef2557ce2e.pdfThe Faculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranJournal of Social Problems of Iran2008-89732120120220Life Social Space: Recreational Activities of Women in ShirazLife Social Space: Recreational Activities of Women in Shiraz24166FAAli AsgharMoghadasMaryamSoroushJournal Article19700101In traditional sociological definitions of class and socioeconomic status, a woman’s status is usually equated with that of her family. Against the background of changes in economic and social conditions and women’s increasing levels of capital and life opportunities, the question is whether traditional definitions still apply in determining socioeconomic status of women? A sample of women, 25 years of age and older, was drawn in Shiraz for this purpose. Economic, social and cultural capitals of women were measured. Leisure activities were also considered in order to distinguish different groups of women. Multiple correspondence analysis results show that social spaces for single and married women as well as availability of capital to them and their leisure-related lifestyles closely correspond to their class backgrounds. Women’s socioeconomic characteristics are strongly influenced by their family origins.In traditional sociological definitions of class and socioeconomic status, a woman’s status is usually equated with that of her family. Against the background of changes in economic and social conditions and women’s increasing levels of capital and life opportunities, the question is whether traditional definitions still apply in determining socioeconomic status of women? A sample of women, 25 years of age and older, was drawn in Shiraz for this purpose. Economic, social and cultural capitals of women were measured. Leisure activities were also considered in order to distinguish different groups of women. Multiple correspondence analysis results show that social spaces for single and married women as well as availability of capital to them and their leisure-related lifestyles closely correspond to their class backgrounds. Women’s socioeconomic characteristics are strongly influenced by their family origins.https://ijsp.ut.ac.ir/article_24166_9afdc930b5768cca8b4edbae0b45ad1b.pdfThe Faculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranJournal of Social Problems of Iran2008-89732120120220Investigating Religious Beliefs and Secularist/Fundamentalist Orientations of Payame Noor University Students in Sari TownshipInvestigating Religious Beliefs and Secularist/Fundamentalist Orientations of Payame Noor University Students in Sari Township24167FAAhmadMohammadpurMehdiAlizadehOmidGhaderzadehHosseinGhodratiJournal Article19700101The importance of religion and religiosity in Iran notwithstanding, certain shifts have occurred in the religious systems of the Iranian society in recent years. This study uses the model developed by Stark and Glock to measure religiosity in terms of beliefs, rituals, experiences and consequences among students of Payame Noor University in Sari Township. Findings indicate some level of religiosity among a majority of the students (87.4 %). There exists a direct and significant relationship between all aspects of religiosity and fundamentalist/secularist orientations of the students. A relationship between religiosity and gender is confirmed while no relationship between religiosity and field of study is observed. In addition, a significant relationship is revealed between marital status and the consequential aspect of religiosity. Finally, study findings highlight all dimensions of religiosity among the students with significant correlations among them.The importance of religion and religiosity in Iran notwithstanding, certain shifts have occurred in the religious systems of the Iranian society in recent years. This study uses the model developed by Stark and Glock to measure religiosity in terms of beliefs, rituals, experiences and consequences among students of Payame Noor University in Sari Township. Findings indicate some level of religiosity among a majority of the students (87.4 %). There exists a direct and significant relationship between all aspects of religiosity and fundamentalist/secularist orientations of the students. A relationship between religiosity and gender is confirmed while no relationship between religiosity and field of study is observed. In addition, a significant relationship is revealed between marital status and the consequential aspect of religiosity. Finally, study findings highlight all dimensions of religiosity among the students with significant correlations among them.https://ijsp.ut.ac.ir/article_24167_319c050bf759af8a9f1862fa35a6be47.pdfThe Faculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranJournal of Social Problems of Iran2008-89732120120220Urban Life, Fear of Victimization, and Reduced Social Capital in TehranUrban Life, Fear of Victimization, and Reduced Social Capital in Tehran24168FAAmirMalekiFarhadRastegarnasabJaafarAbdolmalekiMehdiKhalafkhaniJournal Article19700101we focus on fear of being victimization as affecting social capital and examine the mechanisms of its influence. Our main question is whether fear of victimization in social, economic, political and cultural spheres decreases the radius of social contacts and reduces social capital. To answer this question, a sample of 875 residents of Tehran between the ages of 12 and 45 was drawn for a quantitative survey. Survey findings on the four areas of social activity (economic, social, cultural and political) indicate that: i) the greatest fear of victimization is in the economic sphere; ii) about half of respondents think that the levels of crime and insecurity in the society are too high; and iii) fear of victimization has a determining role in reducing social capital.we focus on fear of being victimization as affecting social capital and examine the mechanisms of its influence. Our main question is whether fear of victimization in social, economic, political and cultural spheres decreases the radius of social contacts and reduces social capital. To answer this question, a sample of 875 residents of Tehran between the ages of 12 and 45 was drawn for a quantitative survey. Survey findings on the four areas of social activity (economic, social, cultural and political) indicate that: i) the greatest fear of victimization is in the economic sphere; ii) about half of respondents think that the levels of crime and insecurity in the society are too high; and iii) fear of victimization has a determining role in reducing social capital.https://ijsp.ut.ac.ir/article_24168_73aa253bf836ffb1dfd3deff0f60c001.pdfThe Faculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranJournal of Social Problems of Iran2008-89732120120220The Problem of Modernization: A Historical-Comparative Study of Iran and Turkey under Reza Shah and Ataturk
(1921-1941)The Problem of Modernization: A Historical-Comparative Study of Iran and Turkey under Reza Shah and Ataturk
(1921-1941)24169FATaghiAzadarmakiBehroozDelgoshaeiJournal Article19700101The regimes of Reza Shah Pahlavi and Mustafa Kemal Ataturk started their modernization projects in Iran and Turkey respectively at the same time based on similar conceptions of modernization. As neighbors, Iran and Turkey also have a number of social and historical similarities. Despite these similarities, the process of modernization took very different paths in these two countries. In this article, we explain the reasons behind this difference. Specifically, a comparative study of Reza Shah’s Iran and Ataturk’s Turkey is conducted to examine structural-institutional differences between the two countries in their socio-historical contexts. Four main factors are highlighted as influencing the different fates of modernization in Iran and Turkey: i) history of the formation of modern institutions; ii) ethnic and tribal diversity; iii) institution of religion and its relationship with the government; and vi) economic environment and access to oil revenues.The regimes of Reza Shah Pahlavi and Mustafa Kemal Ataturk started their modernization projects in Iran and Turkey respectively at the same time based on similar conceptions of modernization. As neighbors, Iran and Turkey also have a number of social and historical similarities. Despite these similarities, the process of modernization took very different paths in these two countries. In this article, we explain the reasons behind this difference. Specifically, a comparative study of Reza Shah’s Iran and Ataturk’s Turkey is conducted to examine structural-institutional differences between the two countries in their socio-historical contexts. Four main factors are highlighted as influencing the different fates of modernization in Iran and Turkey: i) history of the formation of modern institutions; ii) ethnic and tribal diversity; iii) institution of religion and its relationship with the government; and vi) economic environment and access to oil revenues.https://ijsp.ut.ac.ir/article_24169_ae554aed6650d85c9e2377c0f88631c0.pdfThe Faculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranJournal of Social Problems of Iran2008-89732120120220Rational Framework of Decisions on Deviant Behaviors: A Sociological Case Study of Urumieh University StudentsRational Framework of Decisions on Deviant Behaviors: A Sociological Case Study of Urumieh University Students24170FAAkbarAliverdiniaGhorbanaliEbrahimiSalehSalehnezhadJournal Article19700101This study examines the relationship between rational frameworks of decisions and deviant behaviors among students of Urumieh University. Results from a questionnaire-based survey of 441 students (randomly selected in the academic year 2008-2009) are employed. According to the results of our regression analysis, among rational choice variables, opportunity, utilitarian need, and thrills have positive and significant relations with deviant behaviors; the relation between students’ moral beliefs and the dependent variable is negative and significant. Furthermore, utilitarian need is highlighted as most important in explaining deviant behaviors. Furthermore, utilitarian need is highlighted as most important in explaining deviant behaviors. Furthermore, utilitarian need is highlighted as most important in explaining deviant behaviors.This study examines the relationship between rational frameworks of decisions and deviant behaviors among students of Urumieh University. Results from a questionnaire-based survey of 441 students (randomly selected in the academic year 2008-2009) are employed. According to the results of our regression analysis, among rational choice variables, opportunity, utilitarian need, and thrills have positive and significant relations with deviant behaviors; the relation between students’ moral beliefs and the dependent variable is negative and significant. Furthermore, utilitarian need is highlighted as most important in explaining deviant behaviors. Furthermore, utilitarian need is highlighted as most important in explaining deviant behaviors. Furthermore, utilitarian need is highlighted as most important in explaining deviant behaviors.https://ijsp.ut.ac.ir/article_24170_774a88c3935e04a233ab1bfea7e5ef83.pdfThe Faculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranJournal of Social Problems of Iran2008-89732120120220Relationship between Social Capital and Mental Health of Married Couples in KermanRelationship between Social Capital and Mental Health of Married Couples in Kerman24171FAMohamadTavakolSaiedMoidfarSoudehMaghsudiJournal Article19700101This study probes the relationship between social capital and mental health of married couples in the city of Kerman. A representative sample of 382 women and men was utilized. Survey results indicate meaningful relations between mental health and various aspects of capital as well as self esteem vis-à-vis power relations in the family, satisfaction with marriage, satisfaction with life, age of each spouse at the time of marriage, and income of each spouse. Gender differences in terms of mental health and social capital are also found to be meaningful. Furthermore, multiple regression results show that cognitional bonding capital, bridging capital, satisfaction with marriage, and self esteem vis-à-vis the family are the most important indicators of the mental health of married couples.This study probes the relationship between social capital and mental health of married couples in the city of Kerman. A representative sample of 382 women and men was utilized. Survey results indicate meaningful relations between mental health and various aspects of capital as well as self esteem vis-à-vis power relations in the family, satisfaction with marriage, satisfaction with life, age of each spouse at the time of marriage, and income of each spouse. Gender differences in terms of mental health and social capital are also found to be meaningful. Furthermore, multiple regression results show that cognitional bonding capital, bridging capital, satisfaction with marriage, and self esteem vis-à-vis the family are the most important indicators of the mental health of married couples.https://ijsp.ut.ac.ir/article_24171_9ffc8bc9cb6a66b933fb8426b8e4258c.pdfThe Faculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranJournal of Social Problems of Iran2008-89732120120220Stigma and Social Identity: The Case of Individuals with Visible Physical Disabilities in RashtStigma and Social Identity: The Case of Individuals with Visible Physical Disabilities in Rasht24172FAHamidEbadollahiAkbarPiriMansourMovaghar NarbinJournal Article19700101Stigmatization is often humiliating and harms the social identity of those impacted by it. This study explores the experiences and attitudes of eight individuals with visible physical disabilities who live in Rasht. Through a series of interviews, study participants have provided insights into their experiences with stigmatization. Benefiting from Erving Goffman’s theoretical approach, their experiences on the streets and with the media including labeling (taunting and mocking), pitying, and gazing are discussed. The aim is to understand stigmatization in relation to the interactions between people with disabilities and other individuals. The aim is to understand stigmatization in relation to the interactions between people with disabilities and other individuals.Stigmatization is often humiliating and harms the social identity of those impacted by it. This study explores the experiences and attitudes of eight individuals with visible physical disabilities who live in Rasht. Through a series of interviews, study participants have provided insights into their experiences with stigmatization. Benefiting from Erving Goffman’s theoretical approach, their experiences on the streets and with the media including labeling (taunting and mocking), pitying, and gazing are discussed. The aim is to understand stigmatization in relation to the interactions between people with disabilities and other individuals. The aim is to understand stigmatization in relation to the interactions between people with disabilities and other individuals.https://ijsp.ut.ac.ir/article_24172_20ea6ed4af4635b73dfccd8b86f5bc53.pdf