https://ijsp.ut.ac.ir/ Journal of Social Problems of Iran en daily 1 Sat, 20 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0330 Sat, 20 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0330 https://ijsp.ut.ac.ir/article_103862.html Mirza Malik Khan's "Qanon Newspaper" is known as one of the most important works of the Constitutional Revolution. In a way, many intellectuals have referred to its cognition in the activities of the Constitutional Revolution. What social changes from the pre-constitutional period to the post-constitutional period have occurred through which thematic cognition, the study of the scientific "Qanon newspaper" should show. For this purpose, using the Atride-Stirling "Thematic Network Analysis" method, all the thematic networks of this newspaper were discovered, described and interpreted. The findings show that the "Qanon newspaper" has 108 basic themes, 19 organizing themes and 4 global themes. The global themes of "Iran: The most central concern", "Government: The sanctification of the monarchy and the destruction of the state", "Law-seeking: The importance of demand", and "Adamiyat: The combination of doctrine and politics" each formed a thematic network. In addition, combining the advanced version of the Atride-Stirling method, with and deducing from the above 4 global themes, a super-global theme "Iran's reform with the "Jamee Adamiyat"" was discovered and interpreted. The research results also show that, with this name of the newspaper, the law(Qanon) is and the constitution is its content, but the network of main themes in the newspaper is formed around the "Jamee Adamiyat". And the law is only one of the thematic aspects of this "Jamee". "Jamee Adamiyat" is also the main proposed path for reforming Iran, which is from moral and behavioral teachings with directional political actions in accordance with the "principles of Adamiyat". https://ijsp.ut.ac.ir/article_103863.html The adoption of financial literacy education in schools is increasingly expanding. The one-sided and optimistic analyses surrounding this trend highlight the need for a critical study of its social consequences. Therefore, this research aims to examine the social consequences of holding school markets, particularly focusing on children. The conceptual framework of the study is based on economic ethics theories (Polanyi and Granovetter), which emphasize the connection between economic actions and social norms, as well as the importance of the hidden curriculum (especially in Apple’s perspective) within the set of educational content, including financial literacy. The research is a qualitative, field-based case study, focusing on a student-run market in a private elementary school in Tehran. Data was collected over an 8-month longitudinal study through participant observation. The findings indicate behavioral changes among students, with the most significant being adherence to market logic, efforts to avoid paying rent, and the spread of deceptive practices among them. Based on the results, financial literacy education through market-based activities (without social considerations) carries a hidden curriculum that reinforces values contrary to those upheld by the education system. Moreover, economic interactions within the competitive market environment exacerbate the weakening of social norms. https://ijsp.ut.ac.ir/article_103864.html Paying attention to the issues of female heads of households is a recurring issue in social policy-making. This policy-making began with the constitution and continued with the enactment of the Law on the Provision of Unaccompanied Women and Children. The continuity of legislation on this issue until the Seventh Development Plan indicates the importance of policy-making on this issue. On the other hand, despite the repetition of policy-making on this issue, the growth rate of female-headed households has increased. So that in the 1996 Population and Housing Census, the proportion of female heads of households was 8.4 percent of all households, and in the 2016 Population and Housing Census, this number reached 12.7 percent. In this study, in order to analyze policy patterns and examine the developments in this field, a set of policies, including general and intermediate policies and legislation, was examined using the qualitative content analysis method and thematic analysis technique, and six themes were identified: The right to benefit from social insurance, encouraging and facilitating the marriage of female heads of households, multi-layered social security, empowering female heads of households, establishing a single service window, and creating a role for middlemen were achieved. Analysis of these themes shows that although we are facing changes in the policy-making pattern, a change in approach from mere support to self-reliance, lexical changes, attention to public participation, provision of integrated services, and the ratio of services provided to the target community, https://ijsp.ut.ac.ir/article_103865.html This study explores the dimensions and processes driving the recent influx of Afghan migrants to Tehran following the Taliban's takeover in 2021. Using a data-driven constructivist approach, the article aims to explore the understanding and experiences of Afghan migrants, starting from their decision to migrate during the Taliban's ascension in Afghanistan. Data was collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews with 25 participants in Tehran city. Based on the results of data analysis, 11 themes were extracted. These themes, including the same religion and language, economic/capabilities, insecurity and collective fear, social and ethnic constraints, poverty and unemployment, proximity to Iran, easier entry to Iran, educational facilities in Iran, absence of war in Iran, and ultimately the central theme of "involuntary migration", have practical implications for understanding and addressing migration patterns and factors. These findings offer practical insights into understanding and addressing migration trends and drivers. The study reveals that recent Afghan migrants to Iran have predominantly been compelled to flee due to insecurity, social biases, economic hardships, and limited migration options to other countries. Recommendations include enhancing security in Afghanistan, facilitating voluntary repatriation and reintegration of recent migrants, and considering selective residency options for certain migrants to manage the current migration flow effectively. https://ijsp.ut.ac.ir/article_103866.html Suburbanization is a consequence of the rapid and uncoordinated growth of economic programs and the increase in social and economic dualities.The purpose of the present study is to analyze the crisis of suburbanization in metropolitan management (with an emphasis on the city of Tehran) in various dimensions and to examine the causal, contextual and intervening conditions and to examine the consequences created by the growth and expansion of suburbanization for the management system of this metropolis and the suburbanites and to present solutions to solve this social problem.In this study, we answer the question: what are the causal, contextual and intervening conditions in the emergence and expansion of suburbanization and what solutions are proposed to reduce the adverse effects and eliminate this phenomenon?It seems necessary to devise measures to solve and eliminate marginalization so that the problems caused by this phenomenon can be solved fundamentally and at the root, and the marginalized can enjoy a higher quality of life and well-being.In this research, an attempt has been made to examine this social phenomenon from various aspects, specifically to examine this problem in Tehran, and to present expert solutions to solve this problem.In this regard, by using the grounded theory method and collecting information through written interviews with the cultural and social deputies of districts 2, 4, 16, 18, 19, 20, and 21 of Tehran Municipality, 5 main categories, 31 categories, and 243 concepts were obtained. https://ijsp.ut.ac.ir/article_103867.html The family is the social base in all stages of development, especially in the teenage years, which plays an important role in regulating teenagers' thoughts, feelings, and behavior. On the other hand, adolescence is associated with the basic question that a teenager asks himself, "Who am I?" This question, which will continue for several years, is called "the search for identity" To understand the lived experience of girls from the style of family communication patterns and their way of identifying, the qualitative method with a phenomenological approach was chosen in this research. The statistical population included all female students of the second secondary school at the ages of 19 and 20. Claysey's method was used to analyze the data. Data analysis resulted in the generation of 4 main themes and 13 sub-themes. The main themes included adolescent independence, family empathy with the adolescent, unconditional attention to the adolescent, and adolescent social skills. By providing open and free space and positive changes in the quality of their communication, parents make their children able to freely express their opinions, desires, suggestions and criticisms. Establishing good, extensive, and effective communication with children, creating opportunities to express opinions and feelings, encouraging and persuading children to speak and express opinions, accepting possible mistakes and slips of teenagers, respecting children's thoughts and beliefs, using opinions and Their suggestions in making family decisions and accreditation their reasonable freedoms are among the effective cases and actions that can be useful and ultimately lead to a successful identity acquisition. https://ijsp.ut.ac.ir/article_103868.html The concept of law in contemporary Iran is based on a fundamental challenge that indicates a kind of conceptual divergence; because the concept of law in modern perception is based on a humanistic and secular approach and has an autonomous nature. The source of law is pure practical reason, which, according to Kant, is independent of everything other than reason itself, and for this reason it is also completely independent of religious and revelation sources, and its dependence on Sharia distorts its autonomous identity. On the other hand, religious rules are completely dependent on revelation sources and their source is divine will, and their independence from religious sources calls their divine identity into question. This conceptual divergence makes the combination of two modern and Islamic normative systems in one society logically impossible, and therefore can be expressed as the root of social problems in the legal-judicial system of contemporary Iran; a challenge that provides the basis for numerous and diverse social problems and harms due to the incompatibility of the two divergent normative systems; Issues such as duality in social values and lifestyle, disintegration in the educational and judicial systems, lack of coherence and efficiency in the criminal justice system, and the identity crisis of Iranian society are among the most important issues that are rooted in the conceptual challenge of the law, and solving these issues depends on a deep re-reading and radical solution to this conceptual challenge. https://ijsp.ut.ac.ir/article_103869.html This study adopts a comparative-qualitative approach, utilizing thematic analysis to examine private rental market regulation policies in eleven European countries: Germany, France, Sweden, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Spain, Ireland, Finland, Norway, Denmark, and Switzerland. The theoretical framework integrates Kemeny’s "Social Frameworks of Housing" and Arnott’s "Three-Generation Typology of Rent Control," enabling a simultaneous analysis of institutional structures and policy instruments. For comparative policy analysis, Deborah Mitchell’s 1991 framework was employed, focusing on the comparison of laws, regulations, and governmental interventions. Findings reveal that rent control policies in the studied countries are categorized into four primary models: 1) strengthening regulations to protect tenants, 2) consequences of private rental market deregulation, 3) minimal regulation and governance, and 4) comprehensive regulation and governance. A comparative review of trends over the past three decades indicates that many countries, particularly post-economic crises, have shifted toward re-regulating rental markets to enhance housing security, reduce inequality, and balance tenant and landlord interests. Iran, too, requires a critical overhaul of its rental policy framework. In designing intervention models, prioritizing international experiences, institutional contextualization, and securing housing stability for middle- and low-income groups must be central. The optimal model should preserve market dynamism and investment incentives while mitigating extreme price volatility, contractual insecurity, and financial burdens on tenants. The study’s innovation lies in synthesizing structural theories (Kemeny) and policy execution frameworks (Arnott) to propose a multi-level analytical model for rental policies, applicable to comparative policy-making in developing countries such as Iran. https://ijsp.ut.ac.ir/article_103870.html Significant changes in the family institution over the past two decades, driven by rising divorce rates and declining marriages, have prompted the government to formulate and implement various policies and programs. This study aims to examine divorce trends over the past three decades and review the government's plans and policies to identify the challenges and policy requirements related to divorce. For this purpose, we analyzed census and registration data and reviewed policy documents. The findings indicate that all the indicators confirm an upward trend in divorce rates. In response, the government has made efforts to curb this trend by passing over 15 laws, policies, and bills. However, the continued rise in divorce rates suggests that these efforts have not been particularly successful. This lack of success can be attributed to the reactive nature of divorce policies in Iran, where legislators tend to seek solutions only after negative consequences have emerged. Furthermore, these policies have failed to adequately address economic challenges and shifting attitudes and values surrounding marriage. To enhance the effectiveness of future policies, they must be based on societal realities rather than the ideals of policymakers. Implementing comprehensive policy packages, considering the economic conditions of families, and drawing on other countries' experiences may help formulate more effective strategies. https://ijsp.ut.ac.ir/article_103871.html This article is designed with the aim of drawing a model of resilience of tourism businesses in social and cultural crises. In this research, the qualitative methodology of conventional content analysis has been used. The informants in this research were twenty-two employees and managers of tourism businesses in the private, public and intermediate sectors, who were selected through purposeful sampling and based on criteria such as maximum diversity (age and gender, education, etc.). The city of Shiraz is considered as the study field of the current research. The data obtained in this project have been analyzed through the conceptual network technique. Nine conceptual networks have been built in this research. These networks include "Using existing capacities in business", "Strategic and operational flexibility", "Correct planning to provide the resources needed by the organization", "Modeling", "Strengthening psychological resilience", "International policy making", " social capital", "knowledge management" and "change and innovation in business". These concepts are the constituent components of business resilience model in times of crisis. https://ijsp.ut.ac.ir/article_103872.html Social suffering exists in some way in all stages of life, but its nature is very different in old age. For this reason, the current research aims to analyze the lived experience of the elderly in order to understand the concept of social suffering in the old age from the perspective of the elderly. The method of this research is based on the multifaceted approach of methodological perspective with ethnography and interpretive phenomenology; The sample method is purposeful sampling and in terms of maximum diversity rule, theoretical saturation was obtained by in-depth interview and presence in the field and field observations of the elderly of Saqqezchi village. In relation to various types of social suffering, categories such as suffering caused by inability to do things, illness and body pain, loneliness and dimming of social relations, feeling of deprivation, feeling of being a burden and in relation to how the elderly cope with old age. Because interaction with neighbors, traditional self-empowerment, elderly consolation, fusion with grandchildren, etc. were achieved. https://ijsp.ut.ac.ir/article_103873.html This study investigates the social and economic factors contributing to addiction to new synthetic drugs among young males. Employing a descriptive analytical-comparative design, the research population comprised two groups: young male users of synthetic drugs in Kerman and their non-user counterparts. The first sample was selected purposively from rehabilitation centers, while the second was obtained through multi-stage cluster random sampling from various districts of the city. Data were collected using a researcher-developed questionnaire, whose construct validity was confirmed via exploratory factor analysis and reliability verified through Cronbach’s alpha, yielding acceptable coefficients. Data analysis was conducted using independent t-tests and logistic regression. The results revealed a statistically significant difference in the mean scores of social and economic factors between the addicted and non-addicted groups. Furthermore, accessibility and affordability of synthetic drugs and related paraphernalia emerged as significant predictors of drug addiction. The findings underscore that addiction to new synthetic drugs is a complex, multifactorial phenomenon, heavily influenced by socioeconomic conditions. The study highlights the urgent need for increased attention from both governmental and non-governmental sectors to prevent and mitigate the spread of this issue among youth https://ijsp.ut.ac.ir/article_104507.html The issue of hijab and women’s dress in contemporary Iran, especially during the era of the Second Pahlavi, became one of the central axes of cultural and identity conflicts, setting the stage for developments that played a decisive role in the occurrence of the Islamic Revolution. This article, relying on the discourse analysis of Laclau and Mouffe and the study of historical sources, examines the trajectory of the discourse of hijab and anti-hijab during the Second Pahlavi period. contemporary periodicals, and official enactments. The findings indicate that the Second Pahlavi government, after consolidating its power and influenced by the international atmosphere , attempted to hegemonize the discourse of unveiling through instruments such as women’s associations and media, with the central nodal point of progress and civilization and floating signifiers of freedom, rationality, and social responsibility. Aesthetic value was also emphasized in this historical juncture. However, the discursive contradictions of anti-hijab advocates led to unveiling being linked within a chain of equivalence with nudity, promiscuity, and lack of chastity. On the other hand, the pro-hijab discourse, which was initially passive, after a discursive shift, was able to redefine the concept of hijab—emphasizing the nodal point of chastity along with the social presence of women—from a symbol of traditionalism to one of revolutionary and authentic identity. As a result, the conflict between these two discursive poles led to the hegemonization of the discourse of hijab over the public sphere on the eve of the Islamic Revolution https://ijsp.ut.ac.ir/article_105918.html Human decision-making, which is influenced by internal and contextual factors, plays a fundamental role in shaping social actions and political behaviors. Understanding the moral preferences underlying these decisions is essential to explaining the mechanisms that govern social affairs. This article, adopting an interdisciplinary approach, uses Twitter to examine moral preferences and their relationship to individuals’ political orientation. The framework of moral foundations was analyzed and validated using deep learning models on a large dataset of tweets. The research findings highlight concepts such as groupism, attention seeking, distrust, value orientation, responsibility, and cognition as key elements in shaping political behavior. These concepts exhibit distinct patterns across different groups. The findings show that the positive poles of group preferences and attention, along with preferences related to value, responsibility, and trust, play the most dominant role in organizing political discourse on Persian Twitter, and that users’ behavior is influenced by distinct patterns of moral preference rather than being solely subject to formal party labels. Competing political groups prioritize a different set of moral values, and these values ​​are reproduced through intergroup interactions, which are instrumental in the formation of collective identities. The ethics of responsibility and trust, along with group dynamics that tend to conform, have underpinned the stability of political camps. Reformists and fundamentalists, despite discursive conflict, have a similar “moral signature,” while dissenters display a distinct profile based on highlighting power, distrust, and opposition to stagnation, and nonpolitical users focus most on close relationships and micro-identities. https://ijsp.ut.ac.ir/article_105919.html During the recent social developments in Iran, the expansion of the use of media, the increase in population and social interactions, the increase in university education, the entry of more women into the social arena, the growth of individualism, the reduction of the size of the family, have led to the reduction of inequality in the family and accompanied With that, attention has been paid to equality. The purpose of this article is to examine the attitude towards inequality and analyze the factors affecting it. Therefore attitude of students under 35 years of age were measured and the independent variables of gender socialization, use of free media, economic status, parents' education, individual development, immigration, ethnicity were considered and with The survey method selected. The results show that the opposition to judicial inequality is between 59 and 98 percent. there is the highest opposition to the marriage age of 9 years and the right to divorce and take a second wife. All cases: marriage age of 9 years for girls, right to custody of children with father, legal freedom for men to take a second wife, forcing a woman to obey a man under any circumstances, difference in dowry, inheritance is the object of equal protest in Students from Tehran and the city. According to the table of structural equations in both Tehran and others, all the variables of personal identity development, sexual socialization in childhood, economic status, parents' education, use of media, determine people's attitude towards gender inequality by 0.25%. https://ijsp.ut.ac.ir/article_105933.html With the spread of digital technologies and the unprecedented influence of social media in all aspects of life, children and adolescents, as one of the most active groups in society, have faced countless challenges in this space. This study aims to analyze the views of Iranian users about the effects of social media on children and adolescents, and to examine the concerns, beliefs, and suggested solutions of parents and caregivers. The research method is a survey and data was collected through face-to-face interviews with 14,505 people aged 15 and older living in 31 provinces of Iran in Ordibehesht 1403. The findings show that the majority of respondents (94.2%) believe that children and adolescents' access to cyberspace is harmful, of which 45.4% evaluate it as "very harmful" and 27.3% as "very harmful". Also, 96.3% of respondents emphasize the need for family supervision of children's activities in cyberspace. The two factors of "concern about the duration of use" and "concern about accessing inappropriate content" were also confirmed by 76% and 80.3% of respondents, respectively. The analysis shows that women and married people and people over 30 years of age express more concern. These findings emphasize the need to formulate comprehensive family and national policies for the safe and intelligent management of children's presence in cyberspace. This research suggests that the approach of "active monitoring" of families can act as an effective defense mechanism. The analysis of the results also showed that concerns differ in different age, educational and ethnic groups. https://ijsp.ut.ac.ir/article_105999.html This qualitative study explores the lived experiences of Instagram influencers during the 2022 “Woman, Life, Freedom” protests in Iran. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with 11 influencers and ethnographic observation of their Instagram pages, the research investigates how these figures navigated the complex terrain of political expression under social, economic, and security challenges. The findings reveal a spectrum of influencers strategies ranging from silence to solidarity and critical engagement toward followers. These strategies were shaped not only by political beliefs but also by brand identity, market dependencies, and personal fears. Audiences played a decisive role in shaping influencer content through feedback, criticism, and pressure to conform. The study concludes that political engagement on Instagram was less about deliberate activism and more about everyday negotiation and responsive adaptation to collective expectations. https://ijsp.ut.ac.ir/article_106540.html The post-development approach, as the theoretical basis of the present study, states that the modernization and development approaches that were implemented mainly after World War II in most developing countries and regions of the world, contain an ethnocentric and Western-oriented perspective and, with a simplistic and reductionist approach to the development environment, have actually deepened the underdevelopment process of these regions and strengthened the existing gaps in the target societies. The question of the present research is: How can we understand the problem of underdevelopment in Kermanshah province and the solution to confront it? The research hypothesis is designed as follows: underdevelopment in Kermanshah province is the result of the application of the modernization development model, and the solution to overcome it is to apply a post-development approach in dealing with the cultural, economic, social, and environmental development environment of the province. The findings and innovations of the research indicate that the indigenous and endogenous pattern of exploiting the province's indigenous capacities, such as the border location and the role of bazaars in the development of regional trade, the suitable climate and natural resources such as water, soil, and pastures, the existence of historical and natural buildings for the development of tourism and handicrafts, as well as indigenous sports, presents latent and obvious environmental capabilities and capabilities that can be largely effective in removing obstacles to the province's development and improving the social, economic, and cultural life of citizens. https://ijsp.ut.ac.ir/article_106546.html This study, adopting Laclau and Mouffe’s discourse analysis approach, examines the legislative process in the field of family law during the 11th term of the Islamic Consultative Assembly (Parliament of Iran). The findings reveal that the political alignment of the parliament and the government under the conservative discourse exposed latent internal divisions within this political current, leading to the emergence of two sub-discourses in family law legislation: “traditional conservatism” and “reform-oriented conservatism.” The traditional conservative discourse, with the nodal point of “strengthening the family institution” and its articulation with moments such as Islam, traditional intra-family relations, disregard for women’s rights and…, employed hard-power tools to exclude its rival. It played a pivotal role in the ratification of Article 56 of the Family Protection and Youth Population Law and the suspension of the Bill on the Protection of Dignity and Security of Women Against Violence. In contrast, the reform-oriented conservative discourse, centered on “balancing the fulfillment of women’s rights and the consolidation of the family institution” and articulated with moments such as dynamic jurisprudence, women’s dignity within the family, motherhood, culture, expert consensus, and… used soft strategies to marginalize its rival discourse and to modify or halt certain bills.