Ali, M. (2024). Fostering cultural heritage awareness through VR serious gaming: A study on promoting Saudi heritage among the younger generation. Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development, 8(3).https://doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v8i3.3084.
Avci, H, Baams ,L., & Kretschmer, T. (2025). A systematic review of social media use and adolescent identity development. Adolescent Research Review, 10, 219–236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-024-00251-1.
Bhardwaj, S. Chopra, R. Donthu., & Choudhary, p. (2025). Unraveling the adverse effects of social media on teenagers: Current and future research directions. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 60(4), 397–420.
https://doi.org/10.1177/10949968241288483.
Boyd, D (2014). It’s complicated: The social lives of networked teens. Yale University Press.
Bulgarova, B. A., Tabatabaei, S, Barabash, V., & Kotecha, k. (2024). Digital citizenship and paradigm shift in Generation Z’s emotional communication: Social media’s role in shaping Iranian familial bonds. Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development, 8(7), Article 5443. https://doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v8i7.5443.
Castells, M. (2010). The rise of the network society. Wiley-Blackwell.
Chaisri, S. (2019). Personality traits of Thai Gen Z undergraduates: Challenges in the EFL classroom. Journal of Language Teaching and Learning in Thailand, 57, 165–190.
Chang, J. P.-C. Cheng, S.W, Chang, S.M., & Su, K-P. (2025). Navigating the digital maze: A review of AI bias, social media, and mental health in Generation Z. AI, 6(6), Article 118. https://doi.org/10.3390/ai6060118.
Clarke, V., & Braun, V. (2014). Thematic analysis. In A. C. Michalos (Ed.), Encyclopaedia of quality of life and well-being research (pp. 6626–6628). Springer
Connell, R. W (1995). Masculinities. University of California Press.
Çuhadar, C (2012). Exploration of problematic Internet use and social interaction anxiety among Turkish pre-service teachers. Computers & Education, 59(2), 173–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2011.12.029.
Fardouly, J., & Vartanian, L. R (2016). Social media and body image concerns: Current research and future directions. Current Opinion in Psychology, 9, 1–5. Doi. 10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.09.005.
Ghadampour, E., Mahdiani, Z., Paderavand, H., Amraei, B., & Souri, H., (2019). Predicting addiction to cyberspace and the tendency toward high‑risk behaviors based on emotional self‑regulation among high school students in Tehran. Journal of Educational Psychology, 15(53), 93–108. https://doi.org/10.22054/jep.2020.35879.2406. (In Persian).
Gholamrezaei, H, Falsafinejad, M.R., & Khodabakhshi-Koolaee,A. (2024). A grounded theory exploration of perspectives, underlying factors, and preventive strategies of online sexual abuse: A stakeholders’ view. International Journal of High Risk Behaviors and Addiction, 13(4). https://doi.org/10.5812/ijhrba-150810.
Ging, D. (2019). Alphas, betas, and incels: Theorizing the masculinities of the manosphere. Men and Masculinities, 22(4), 638–657.
Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. Doubleday.
Habermas, J. (1987). The theory of communicative action. Beacon Press.
Haddadian, A. (2022). A sociological explanation of the social harms of cyberspace among adolescent boys in Tehran. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Tehran: Islamic Azad University, Faculty of Social Sciences. (In Persian).
Hawdon, J., Oksanen, A., & Räsänen, P. (2017). Exposure to online hate in four nations: A cross-national consideration. Deviant Behavior, 38(3), 254–266. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2016.1196985.
Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2018). Cyberbullying: Identification, prevention, and response. Cyberbullying Research Center.
Hosseini, H., Rezaei, H., & Nazari, M. (2025). An Examination of the Identity Formation Challenges of the Contemporary Dual-Spaced Iranian Adolescent. Social-Cultural Studies of Hawzah. 9(1), p. 23-40.
doi: 10.22034/scs.2025.71529.140.(In Persian).
Hu, Q., Hu, X., & Hou, P. (2022). One social media, distinct habitus: Generation Z’s social media uses and gratifications and the moderation effect of economic capital. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, Article 939128. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.939128.
Jirek, S. L. (2017). Narrative reconstruction and post-traumatic growth among trauma survivors. Qualitative Social Work, 16(2), 166–188. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473325016656046.
Kim, G., Jeong, H., & Yim, H. W. (2023). Associations between digital media use and lack of physical exercise among middle-school adolescents in Korea. Epidemiology and Health, 45, 1-9, e2023012. https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2023012.
Kivunja, C. (2014). Theoretical perspectives of how digital natives learn. International Journal of Higher Education, 3(1), 94–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v3n1p94.
Kolan, H. I., & Dincer, B (2021). The predictive power of problematic internet use on learning responsibility of high school students. Psycho-Educational Research Reviews, 10(1), 128–142.
Kowalski, R. M., Limber, S. P., & McCord, A (2021). A developmental approach to cyberbullying: Prevalence and predictors. Journal of Adolescent Health, 68(5), 1–12. DOI:10.1016/j.avb.2018.02.009.
Livingstone, S., & Third, A (2017). Children and young people’s rights in the digital age. New Media & Society, 19(5), 657–670. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816686318.
Maheux, A. J, Laurenceau,J-P, Roberts, SR, Nesi, j, Widmen, L., & Choukas-Bradley, S. (2024). Longitudinal change in appearance-related social media consciousness and depressive symptoms: A within-person analysis during early-to-middle adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-024-01998-5.
Mansi. (2025). The psychological impacts of social media on Generation Z: Mental health, identity formation and social connectivity. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Modern Education, 11(1), 165–167.
Marwick, A. E (2015). Instafame: Luxury selfies in the attention economy. Public Culture, 27(1), 137–160. DOI:10.1215/08992363-2798379
Mitchell, K. J., Wells, M., Priebe, G., & Ybarra, M. L. (2014). Exposure to websites that encourage self-harm and suicide. Journal of Adolescence, 37(8), 1335–1344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.09.011.
Mobaraki, E., & Sharafi, M. (2019). The relation of using satellite, Internet and virtual social networks on the attitude toward friendship with the opposite sex before marriage (Case study: Students of Arak University). New Media Studies,5(18), 131-166. https://doi.org/10.22054/nms.2019.24689.297. (In Persian).
Mokrý, S, Birciakova, N, Slovackova, T, Stavkova, J., & Nagyova, L. (2016). Perception of wine labels by Generation Z: Eye-tracking experiment. Potravinárstvo, 10(1), 524-531. https://doi.org/10.5219/647.
Mujiwat, Y., & Laili, I. (2023). The impact of social media on changing behavior patterns of Generation Z. CEBONG Journal, 2(3), 77–82.
Obeid, S, Saade, S, Haddad, C, Sacre, H, KHansa, W, Hajj, R, KHeir, N.,& Hallit, S. (2019). Internet addiction among Lebanese adolescents. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 207(10), 838–846.
https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000001034.
Rodríguez-de-Dios, I, Oosten, J., & Igartua, J.J. (2018). Parental mediation and adolescents’ digital skills. Computers in Human Behavior, 82, 186–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.01.012.
Saura, J. R., Gelashvili, V., & Martínez-Navalón, J. G (2025). The impact of social media on Gen Z’s mental health and privacy. Journal of Competitiveness, 233–252. https://doi.org/10.7441/joc.2025.01.11.
Sayed, M, Naiim, C.M, Aboelsaad, M., & Ibrahim, M.K. (2022). Internet addiction and relationships with depression, anxiety, stress, and academic performance among Egypt pharmacy students. BMC Public Health, 22(1), Article 1826. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14140-6.
Seemiller, C., & Grace, M (2016). Generation Z goes to college. Jossey-Bass.
Smahel, D, Machacheroni, G, Dedkova, L, Staksrud,E, Olafsson, K, Livingstone, S., & Hasebrink, U. (2020). EU Kids Online 2020: Survey results from 19 countries. EU Kids Online. https://doi.org/10.21953/lse.47fdeqj01ofo.
Statista. (2023). Available online: https://www.statista.com/statistics/433871/daily-social-media-usage-worldwide/ (accessed on 2 January 2024).
Temple, J. R, Le, V, Berg, P, Ling, Y, Paul, J., & Temple, B. (2014). Brief report: Teen sexting and psychosocial health. Journal of Adolescence, 37(1), 33–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.10.008.
Turner, A. (2015). Generation Z: Technology and social interest. Journal of Individual Psychology, 71(2), 103–113. https://doi.org/10.1353/jip.2015.0021.
Twenge, J. (2017). iGen. Why Today’s Super-Connected Kids Are Growing Up Less Rebellious, More Tolerant, Less Happy—and Completely Unprepared for Adulthood. Family & Consumer Sciences, 48(3), 290-293. https://doi.org/10.1111/fcsr.12345Digital Object Identifier
Vafaei, T, Samavi, A, Whisenhunt, J., & Najarpourian,S. (2023). An investigation of self-injury in female adolescents: A qualitative study. Quality & Quantity, 57(6), 5599–5622. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-023-01632-9.
Wang, L., & Ngai, S. S. Y. (2021). Understanding the effects of personal and situational factors for adolescent cyberbullying perpetration. Journal of Adolescence, 89, 28–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2021.03.006.
Wang, Y.-L., Chen, Y.-J., & Liu, C.-C. (2024). The relationship between social media usage and loneliness. BMC Psychology, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01727-4.
Zadeh- Bagheri, L. (2021). A study of the relationship between parental monitoring and parents’ digital literacy with adolescents’ exposure to risks and harms in cyberspace. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Shiraz: University of Shiraz, Faculty of Economics, Management and Social Sciences. (In Persian).
Zeynali Pour, F.(2019). The Impact of Cyberspace on Family and Youth (Harms and Solutions). Pure Life, 6(17), 71–84. (In Persian).
Zhu, C., Huang, S., Evans, R., & Zhang, W. (2021). Cyberbullying among adolescents and children: A comprehensive review of the global situation, risk factors, and preventive measures. Frontiers in Public Health. 9, 1-12.
