Abbasi, N., Sadri Damirchi, E., Akhavi Samarin, Z., Rezapour, R., & Mohammadi Argeneh, Z. (2025). Investigating the psychometric properties and gender invariance of the Persian version of the Riverside Life Satisfaction Scale. Quarterly Journal of Educational Psychological Assessment, 1(1), 114–131. https://doi.org/10.30470/ijpa.2025.726669 (In Persian)
Afrasiabi, H., Kalateh Sadati, A., & Sabour, M. (2021). The reasons for the formation of child labor from the perspective of activists in this field: A qualitative study in Yazd city. Quarterly Journal of Social Work, 10(1), 56–67. https://dor.isc.ac/dor/20.1001.1.1735451.1400.10.1.6.6 (In Persian)
Ahmadi, K. (2020). Harms of child labor in Iran. Journal of Iran Cultural Research, 2(1), 1–14.
Alyana, S. I., & Saeed, R. (2023). Self-efficacy as mediator between attachment styles and life satisfaction in adolescents. Pakistan Languages and Humanities Review, 7(3), 104–115. https://doi.org/10.47205/plhr.2023(7-III)11
American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., text rev.; DSM-5-TR). American Psychiatric Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787
Atalar, E. T., & Koca, F. (2025). A study on self-compassion and attachment styles as the predictors of life satisfaction in children in need of protection. Children, 12(3), 1-17.
https://doi.org/10.3390/children12030285
Balla, S. B., Bontala, P., Galic, I., Kondapaneni, J., & Sudha, R. (2019). Forensic age estimation of 85 male child laborers and 31 rescued female commercial sex workers from Hyderabad in South India. Legal Medicine, 40, 37–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.legalmed.2019.07.003
Baradaran Sadati, M., Mahmoudi, A., & Mardepour, A. (2025). Predicting behavioral disorders of working children based on childhood trauma with the mediation of psychological flexibility. Iranian Journal of Nursing Research, 20(4), 42–52. http://ijnr.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-6054-1&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 (In Persian)
Barlow, D. H. (2021). Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic (3rd ed.). Guilford Press.
Beck, A. T., & Clark, D. A. (1997). An information processing model of anxiety: Automatic and strategic processes. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(1), 49–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7967(96)00069-1
Beheshtian, M., & Roozbahani, M. (2016). Predicting social anxiety based on attachment style and basic psychological needs. Social Psychology Research, 6(24), 17–33.
https://www.socialpsychology.ir/?_action=article&kw=160570&_kw=attachment+types (In Persian)
Berk, L. E. (2024). Development through the lifespan (Y. Seyed Mohammadi, Trans.). Arasbaran. (In Persian)
Dadoopasha, S., Saranjeh, M., & Heidari Sureshjani, H. (2025). Investigating the relationship between positive thinking, spiritual excellence and social support with life satisfaction in primary school teachers of Ahvaz city. Journal of Psychology and Educational Sciences Studies, 11(2), 47–59. https://civilica.com/doc/2586357 (In Persian)
Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125(2), 276–302. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.276
Ekinci, N., & Akat, M. (2023). The relationship between anxious-ambivalent attachment and social appearance anxiety in adolescents: The serial mediation of positive Youth Development and Instagram Addiction. Psychological Reports, 126(5), 2465–2488.
https://doi.org/10.1177/00332941231159600
Falsafi, S. H., Asgari, M., & Kordestani, D. (2021). Developing a structural model of obsessive-compulsive disorder based on early maladaptive schemas, attachment styles, defense mechanisms, emotional self-regulation and anxiety. Medical Journal of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 64(3), 3208–3223. https://doi.org/10.22038/mjms.2021.18919 (In Persian)
Ganji, M. (2023). Psychopathology based on DSM-5. Savalan. (In Persian)
Ghaheri, A., Shojaei Shahrokhabadi, M., Zayeri, F., Maroufizadeh, S., & Karimi, M. (2016). The relationship between life satisfaction, anxiety and infertility quality of life. Koomesh, 17(4), 957–965.
https://search.isc.ac/dl/search/defaultta.aspx?DTC=8&DC=1041072 (In Persian)
Ghahvechi, F., Fathi Ashtiani, A., & Azad Fallah, P. (2013). The relationship between metacognitive beliefs and coping styles with test anxiety in students considering the role of ambivalent attachment. Research in Psychological Health, 6(3), 10–18.
https://dor.isc.ac/dor/20.1001.1.20080166.1391.6.3.2.3 (In Persian)
Ghazanfari, F., & Badri, M. (2019). Developing an etiological model of social anxiety disorder in adolescents based on the components of anxiety sensitivity, negative emotional regulation and avoidant and ambivalent insecure attachment styles with the mediating role of emotion-oriented coping strategy. Clinical Psychology Studies, 9(35), 97–130. https://search.isc.ac/dl/search/defaultta.aspx?DTC=8&DC=1041072 (In Persian)
Golkari, S., & Pourshafei, H. (2019). The predictive role of life expectancy in marital life satisfaction of women in Birjand city. Farhang-e Khorasan (Cultural-Social Studies of Khorasan), 13(2), 153–175.
https://doi.org/10.22034/fakh.2019.93130 (In Persian)
Graham, C. (2025). The Kids Are Not OK, but Education Innovations Provide Hope. American Educator, 48(4), 3–6.
https://www.aft.org/ae/spring2025/graham
Heydari, M. R., Akbari, H., Amirpour, M., & Majdi, A. A. (2025). The collapse of childhood life: A grounded study on the formation of child labor. Sociology of Social Institutions, 12(25), 37–78.
https://doi.org/10.22080/ssi.2025.28243.2239
Ibrahim, A., Abdala, S. M., Jafer, M., Abdelgadir, J., & Vries, N. D. (2019). Child labor and health: A systematic literature review of the impacts of child labor on child’s health in low- and middle-income countries. Journal of Public Health, 41(1), 18–26. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed%2Ffdy018
Jayawardana, D., Baryshnikova, N. V., & Cheng, T. C. (2023). The long shadow of child labor on adolescent mental health: A quantile approach. Empirical Economics, 64, 77–97.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-022-02241-5
Kamari, S., & Sheikholeslami, R. (2015). The mediating role of optimism in the relationship between people's attachment styles and their happiness and life expectancy. Quarterly Journal of Applied Research in Educational Psychology, 2(2), 50–67. https://journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_2282.html (In Persian)
Kaur, P., & Baruah, A. (2023). The effect of family cohesiveness on life satisfaction. International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts, 11(5), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X17704865
Khankesh, M., Amini Rarani, M., & Nosratabadi, M. (2020). The effect of anger management training on aggression and anxiety of working children. Koomesh, 22(2), 255–262.
https://dor.isc.ac/dor/20.1001.1.1735451.1399.9.1.3.6 (In Persian)
Kheyri Hassan, M., Khodabakhshi Koolaee, A., & Taghvaei, D. (2016). The difference in aggression and anxiety in working children with and without sexual abuse. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 3(2), 10–15.
https://doi.org/10.21859/jpen-03022 (In Persian)
Khodabakhshi Koolaee, A., Falsafinejad, M. R., & Abbas Gholinejad, M. (2018). The effectiveness of storytelling on reducing aggression and loneliness in Afghan immigrant working children. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 5(2), 59–67. http://jpen.ir/article-1-318-fa.html (In Persian)
Khoshabi, K., & Abouhamzeh, E. (2014). John Bowlby: Attachment theory. Danjeh. (In Persian)
Korkmaz, H., Korkmaz, S., & Çakar, M. (2019). Suicide risk in chronic heart failure patients and its association with depression, hopelessness and self-esteem. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, 68, 51–54.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2019.07.062
Kuzeyli Yildirim, Y., Sertoz, O. O., Uyar, M., & Fadiloglu, C. (2006). The relationship of pain and hopelessness in patients with cancer. European Journal of Pain, 10(S1), S147. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1090-3801(06)60560-0
Lin, K., Akalanka, K., Thapa, S., Allan, J., Buyes, N., & Sun, J. (2025). Relationship of parental caregiving and child labour with developmental problems and mental health in children in low-to-middle-income countries using the socioecological resilience model. BMC Public Health, 25, Article 2323. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-23527-0
López-Gómez, I., Chaves, C., & Vázquez, C. (2020). Life satisfaction. In B. J. Carducci, C. S. Nave, A. Di Fabio, D. H. Saklofske, & C. Stough (Eds.), The Wiley encyclopedia of personality and individual differences: Vol. 3. Personality processes and individual differences (pp. 275–280). Wiley Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118970843.ch224
Mandegar, S. (2017). A legal study of the situation of working, street and homeless children. Journal of Political Science, Law and Jurisprudence Studies, 2(2), 1–30. (In Persian)
McLewin, L. A., & Muller, R. T. (2006). Attachment and social support in the prediction of psychopathology among young adults with and without a history of physical maltreatment. Child Abuse & Neglect, 30, 171–191.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2005.10.004
Merenkova, V. S., & Solodkova, O. E. (2020). A study of the phenomenon of “life satisfaction”. Kompleksnye issledovaniya detstva (Complex studies of childhood), 2(1), 4–12. https://doi.org/10.33910/2687-0223-2020-2-1-4-13
Moeinfar, R., Kiani, F., & Ghazanfari, A. (2025). Modeling psychosomatic complaints based on maltreatment and psychological distress mediated by social support in working children. Journal of Rehabilitation in Nursing Research, 11(4), 71–83. http://ijrn.ir/article-1-926-en.html (In Persian)
Momeni, K., Moinoddini, Z., & Moradi, A. (2024). The relationship between attachment style and separation anxiety disorder in badly-cared and orphan adolescent girls: The mediating role of stress coping strategy and internalized symptoms. International Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 18(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.30491/ijbs.2024.409185.2001
Mousavi, N. S., Shirmohammadi, F., Abbasi, N., Shahidi, M., & Eftekharpanah, M. (2023). The relationship between life expectancy and death anxiety in elderly women: The mediating role of COVID-19 anxiety and psychological hardiness. Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine, 29(2), 69–79. http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1462-fa.html (In Persian)
Munoz, R. T., Pharris, A. B., & Hellman, C. M. (2022). A linear model of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) as drivers of lower hope mediated by lower attachment security in an adult sample. Journal of Family Violence, 37(4), 671–679. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-021-00282-5
Nariman, H., Hassanzadeh, A., Ghamarani, A., & Amidi Mazaheri, M. (2020). Investigating the relationship between depression, anxiety and stress with social support and life satisfaction in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Health System Research, 16(3), 199–205.
http://dx.doi.org/10.22122/jhsr.v16i3.3847 (In Persian)
Nemati, S., Shojaeian, N., Deetjen-Ruiz, R., Kaurav, R. P., Badri, R., & Khani, Z. (2022). Resilience, attachment to God, and hope in mothers of children with a specific learning disability. Psychiatric Nursing, 13(2), 163–167.
https://doi.org/10.14744/phd.2022.15013
Norouziyan, R., Khanmohammadi, A., & Khanehkeshi, A. (2025). Structural relationships between attachment styles and social anxiety in adolescents dependent on internet games: The mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation. Rooyesh Psychology Quarterly, 14(3), 143–153.
http://frooyesh.ir/article-1-5667-fa.html (In Persian)
Nourian, N., & Moghimian, M. (2025). Impact of life skills training on the hope for the future and emotional-behavioral problems of Afghan migrant child laborers in Isfahan. Journal of Health Research in Community, 11(1), 22–34. http://jhc.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-1110-fa.html (In Persian)
Pacione, L., Measham, T., & Rousseau, C. (2013). Refugee children: Mental health and effective interventions. Current Psychiatry Reports, 15(2), 341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-012-0341-4
Pasyar, S., Rezaei, S., & Mousavi, S. V. (2018). Stress-coping strategies, attachment styles, and resiliency of working children in Tehran, Iran. Child Indicators Research, 12, 1083–1105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-018-9572-1
Poteat, V. P., Rivers, I., & Vecho, O. (2020). Membership experiences in gender-sexuality alliances (GSAs) predict increased hope and attenuate the effects of victimization. Journal of School Psychology, 79, 16–30.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2020.02.001
Rezaei Ardani, F., Akrami, M., & Naeimabadi, M. M. (2023). Investigating the relationship between attachment styles and anxiety in children and adolescents. 9th Scientific Research Conference on Development and Promotion of Educational Sciences and Psychology in Iran, Tehran. https://civilica.com/doc/1839322 (In Persian)
Sabzevari, M. E., Keramati, M., & Nasimi, S. A. (2019). The correlation between religious orientation and life expectancy with life satisfaction. Islamic Lifestyle with a Focus on Health, 3(2), 91–98. https://www.islamiilife.com/article_189512.html (In Persian)
Safavi, M., & Maroufi, S. (2012). Correlation between attachment styles and state-trait anxiety. Medical Sciences Journal of Islamic Azad University, 22(4), 307–312. http://tmuj.iautmu.ac.ir/article-1-628-fa.html (In Persian)
Salimi Bajestani, H., Hosseini Ghomi, T., & Zakeri, N. (2014). The relationship between religious orientation and hope with health anxiety in female nurses at Imam Khomeini Hospital in Tehran. Iranian Journal of Nursing Research, 9(1), 17–24. http://ijnr.ir/article-1-1329-fa.html (In Persian)
Samavi, A., Araban, S., Javdan, M., RaisSaadi, R. H., & Sheikhi Fini, A. A. (2012). Comparing hope and academic self-efficacy beliefs in high and low achievement students: A casual-comparative study. Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research, 2(8), 7998–8001.
Sarfika, R., Zein, G. F., Andreni, R., Refnandes, R., & Saifudin, I. M. M. Y. (2024). Comparing parenting styles: Their influence on adolescent's internet addiction. Healthcare in Low-resource Settings, 12(1), 1–13.
https://doi.org/10.4081/hls.2023.11932
Sarvghad, S., Rezaei, A., & Irani, F. (2012). The relationship between attachment styles and personality traits with anxiety. Woman and Society (Sociology of Women), 3(2), 117–136. https://sid.ir/paper/169146/fa (In Persian)
Shabahang, R., Bagheri Sheykhangafshe, F., Shahriari Sarhadi, M., Yousefi Siakouche, A., & Haji Aliani, V. (2020). Comparison of hope and prosocial behavior tendencies in different levels of positive consequences of cancer. Journal of Health Psychology, 9(1), 95–112.
https://doi.org/10.30473/hpj.2020.47602.4488 (In Persian)
Shishehgaran, M., & Haji Dehabadi, M. A. (2018). A victimological study of working children. Lawyar Scientific Quarterly, 2(8), 1–30.
https://sid.ir/paper/514825/fa (In Persian)
Simbar, S., Hosseinkhanzadeh, A. A., & Abolghasemi, A. (2019). Hope for the future, attachment relationships and emotional-behavioral problems in working children. Child Mental Health, 6(3), 1–10.
http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/jcmh.6.3.6 (In Persian)
Snyder, C. R., & Lopez, S. J. (2007). Positive psychology: The scientific and practical explorations of human strengths. Sage Publications.
Snyder, C. R., Cheavens, J., & Sympson, S. C. (1997). Hope: An individual motive for social commerce. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 1(2), 107–118. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/1089-2699.1.2.107
Snyder, C. R., Lopez, S. J., & Shorey, H. S. (2003). Hope theory, measurements, and applications to school psychology. School Psychology Quarterly, 18(2), 122–139.
https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1521/scpq.18.2.122.21854
Sturrock, S., & Hodes, M. (2016). Child labour in low- and middle-income countries and its consequences for mental health: A systematic literature review of epidemiologic studies. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 25(12), 1273–1286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-016-0864-z
Sulaiman, N., & Shahid, R. (2025). Predicting adolescent anxiety with childhood attachment disruptions: A systematic review. Journal of Early Childhood Care and Education (JECCE), 9(1), 1–10.
https://doi.org/10.30971/jecce.v9i1.2577
Taheri, M. (2012). The relationship between attachment style and life expectancy in mothers with educable mentally retarded sons. Journal of Fundamentals of Mental Health, 14(53), 24–35.
https://doi.org/10.22038/jfmh.2012.930 (In Persian)
Warner, R. (2022). Considering the importance of attachment in outcomes: The case of summer camp. Journal of Youth Development, 17(4), 6–25.
https://doi.org/10.5195/jyd.2022.1259
Yildirim, Y., Sertoz, O. O., Uyar, M., & Fadiloglu, C. (2006). The relationship of pain and hopelessness in patients with cancer. European Journal of Pain, 10(S1), S147. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1090-3801(06)60560-0
Yu, J., & Liu, X. (2021). Effect of psychological intervention care on the negative mood and hope level of elderly patients undergoing knee arthroplasty. American Journal of Translational Research, 13(6), 6584–6591. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8290736/
Zahouri Zangeneh, Z., Emamipour, S., & Baghdasarians, A. (2024). The model of predicting hope based on attachment styles and time perspective with the mediation of students' psychological resilience. Applied Psychological Research, 4(15), 239–260.
https://doi.org/10.22059/japr.2024.348488.644368 (In Persian)
